한국과 프랑스 제 3공화국의 사회정책과 국가 (A Comparative Study on the origin and development of Welfare State in Korea and France)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사회복지연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 사회복지연구 / 44권 / 3호 / 371 ~ 393페이지
· 저자명 : 나병균

초록

한국과 프랑스 두 나라 사회정책의 기원은 각각 제3공화국(정)에서 비롯된다. 한국의 경우에는 발전주의가, 프랑스의 경우에는 공화주의와 연대주의가 복지국가의 기본 이념이었다. 두 나라 복지국가는 진보적 공화주의자 집단(프랑스)와 권위주의적 성향의 군부권력자와 관료(한국) 등 기득권층에 의해 주도된 보수주의적 개혁이었다는 점이 공통점이다.
정책 결정과정에서 나타난 특징을 비교한다면, 프랑스의 사회보험 입법들은 10년 내지 18년 이라는 오랜 기간에 걸친 의회 논의 끝에 통과된 것인데 비하여 한국의 경우, 이러한 민주적이고 개방적인 논의과정 없이 최고 권력자와 일부 관료들에 의해 일사천리 식으로 결정되어 복지국가에 대한 여론의 형성과 국민 교육의 시간이 없었다.
프랑스 경험과 비교할 때 한국 사회보장과 복지국가 저 발달의 원인은 제 3공화국에서 시작된 발전주의에서 비롯된다고 판단되며, 향후 한국의 복지국가 발달을 위해서는 이를 대체할 새로운 국가 발전 이념이 요구된다.

영어초록

The objective of this article is to compare the characteristics and the origin of Welfare State in Korea and France. This study also finds out the causes of underdevelopment of Welfare State in Korea. In the third Republic of France, the first Industrial Accident Compensation Law was legislated in 1898. The discussion of the project of Law commenced in 1880. The Parliamentary Debate on the legislation of the Law had continued for 18 years. The leaders of the debate was the group of progressive Republicans(Radicals) in the French Parliament.
In Korea, it was also in the period of the third Repulic, the President and several members of the Supreme Committee of National Reconstruction (Guk-Ga-Jai-Gun-Choi-Go-Ho-Eui), the authoritative military government who enacted and developed the Social Insurance Law of Industrial Accident Compensation, the first Law of Welfare State in Korea.
However, Korea and France show more differences than similarities in the terms of the origin of the Welfare State. The motivations and goals of social policies of the two countries were quite different at the beginning stage. In France, the progressive Republicans of Parliament made welfare state policies in order to maintain the politico-social hegemony and social peace by provision of economic supports to workers. In Korea, the group of military officers had begun the welfare legislation in order to win the general election and obtain political power in 1963.
Comparison on the origins of the welfare states in the two countries shows similarities as well as differences in terms of the role of actors. In France, the state and the owners of big enterprises had agreed and played positive roles in the legislation of the welfare state policies. However, the owners of small companies, merchants and farmers had played negative roles. Like the French case, Korean government and owners of big enterprises had played positive roles. The state as a major actor of the legislation of the social insurance programs in the two countries are slightly different. In Korea, the owners of small companies had played negative roles in making of medical insurance programs in 1976.
Comparison of the current state of two welfare states shows substantial differences in terms of the development of the welfare state. What is the reason for such differences?　Why does Korean Welfare State underdevelop? Historically, the developmentalism as an major ideology of the third Republic of Korea has continually influenced the underdevelopment of the Welfare State. It implies that Koreans have to invent a new ideology of Welfare State which can replace the developmentalism and support the development of Welfare State in the future. Without such a new ideology, it is very difficult to develop an european style welfare state in Korea.

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