원인자책임의 원칙 (The “Polluter-Pays Principle” (Verursacherprinzip))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 전북대학교 부설법학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 법학연구 / 38권 / 133 ~ 159페이지
· 저자명 : 민병후

초록

환경의 사용대가로서 환경오염에 대한 비용을 누구에게 요구할 것인가에 대한 문제가 제시되었다. 그 답으로써 환경법의 기본원칙으로 ‘원인자책임의 원칙’이 제시되고 있다. ‘원인자책임의 원칙’은 환경오염으로 발생하는 비용을 누구에게 부담시킬 것인지를 결정하는 기본원칙이다. 즉 인간의 활동에 의해 발생하는 오염에 대하여 그 오염의 처리(보전, 제거, 원상회복 등)에 필요한 비용을 누구에게 부담시킬 것인가에 대한 원칙이다.
‘원인자책임의 원칙’에서 원인자의 선정과 관련하여서 환경정책적인 면에서 원인자를 따로 선정할 수 있다. 원인자가 환경정책적인 고려에 의해 따로 선정된다면 그 책임범위에서 부담하는 책임의 비율문제가 남는다. 이 경우에 인과관계의 정도에 따라서 원인자들에게 책임의 부담을 배분할 수 있다.
‘원인자책임의 원칙’의 실현을 위한 수단으로 각종 금지 및 규제, 배출기준과 허가제 그리고 배출부과금제도 및 오염권 판매제도 등이 있다.

영어초록

The environment has been recognized as a “free good” that can be used infinitely. Consequently, no expense is paid for the use of the environment. However, with increased awareness of environmental preservation, we realize that the environment no longer comes free, and there is a certain amount of money to be paid for its use.
The issue of who will be charged for the expenses has been proposed. Here, the polluter-pays principle (Verursacherprinzip) is being proposed as the answer to this issue.
The polluter-pays principle is a basic one that determines who should bear the expenses arising from environmental pollution. It is a principle for determining who should bear the expenses required for the treatment of pollution (i.e., preservation, removal, restoration to original state, etc.) caused by human activities.
The polluter-pays principle stemmed from the issue of the burden of expenses and plays an important role. Accordingly, those who caused the risks or hazards of environmental pollution should shoulder the burden and responsibility associated with the prevention and removal of environmental pollution and restoration to its original state. The polluter’s responsibility includes not only costs but also other substantial responsibility. However, the polluter-pays principle is not subject to the occurrence of pollution, and the burden of preventing the risk of pollution on polluters. Therefore, environmental pollution, the expense of which should be borne by polluters, also needs to be considered at the stage of the risk prior to the hazards that occurred.
To take responsibility as a polluter, a causal relationship needs to be recognized with regard to the causes that have already given rise to, or might give rise to, environmental pollution. In case of environmental pollution, this causal relationship needs to be determined by the theory of direct causation (Theorie der unmittelbaren Verursachung). In terms of the polluter’s responsibility, if such responsibility should include responsibility for the risk, the cause that gives rise to the risk cannot be addressed by the theory of direct causation. Determining the causal relationship of the cause for the risk will rather rest on scientific and technical evidence.
With regard to the selection of polluters, these can be selected separately in terms of environmental policy. If polluters are selected by considering environmental policy, a problem remains with the ratio of sharing the burden within the scope of their responsibilities. In this case, the burden of the responsibilities can be shared depending on the degree of causal relationship.
Among the measures to realize the polluter-pays principle are various prohibited and regulatory means for the administration of order. There will be a permit system that can be implemented when the emission standard is selected and fulfilled. Administrative means of public imposts include emission charges, a pollution permit sale system, and a deposit-refund system.

참고자료

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