<도정>지하련의 작품- 해방 이후의 이야기- 주인공 석재- 소년, 기철, 청년(김)- 방황을 거듭하는 석재의 내면- 누가 문제적 개인인가?- 왜 등장시켰을까?문제적 개인게오르그 루카치- 문제적 개인- 근대 사회 이후 등장하는 주인공 유형- 사회가 요구하는 보편적 질서에 맞섬- 가치를 추구 / 갈망하는 과정, 가치의 부재를 드러냄- 시대를 살아가는 사람들을 반영?
In terms of entertainment, perhaps no modern invention has changed human life more than motion pictures. While the world’s first motion-picture was created in 1888, the first feature length film was not made until 1906 (“What was the First…”; “First Feature Film”). Since then, the film industry has grown more than anyone could have ever predicted; in 2017, the film industry in the United States alone topped $43.4 billion in total sales (Robb, “U.S. Film Industry Topped…”). In an industry that large and well-funded, it is only natural that certain people would become bigger celebrities than others. The film industry has turned actors into major stars, such as Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, and Emma Watson.The first major movie star who gained popularity as an actor is Leonardo DiCaprio. He graduated from Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies, which is a college-preparatory school in Los Angeles (“Los Angeles Center for…”). After that, when he was in the third year in high school, he lethe Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (Goldenberg, “How Leonardo DiCaprio Became…”). Working as an environmentalist, he created short documentaries about the environment and addressed that the human race needs to aware of climate change to save the earth in UN speech (“Leonardo DiCaprio”; Kang, “Leonardo DiCaprio’s Speech at…”).Another actor who became a big celebrity is Brad Pitt. Unlike DiCaprio, Pitt graduated from Kickapoo high school and entered the University of Missouri. In the university, he majored in advertising journalism (“Brad Pitt Biography”). However, he dropped out the school and headed for Los Angeles before graduation (Romeneskochool, “Why Brad Pitt Dropped…”). Based on Box Office Earnings, World War Z is the most commercially successful movie of Pitt (“Brad Pitt”). It is a movie based on the novel of Max Brooks, and Pitt starred in the movie as a main character, Gerry Lane (Holson, “Brad’s War”). It is the biggest grossing movie of Pitt, which earned profits of 500 milliois Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. It gained 1.3 billion dollars worldwide Box Office (“Harry Potter and the…”). She was also nominated for best supporting actress in the Saturn Awards and best actress in the Empire Awards for the movie (Goldberg, “Saturn Award Nominations Announced…”; “Jameson Empire Awards Announce…”). She works as an activist for feminism besides an actress. Starting HeForShe campaign, in UN address in 2014, Watson mentioned that “It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as two opposing sets of ideals.... So, their daughters, sisters and mothers can be free from prejudice” (“Emma Watson: Gender Equality…”). Also, according to TIME, she established a feminist book club, which is open to anyone who wants to join, Our Shared Shelf to provoke thoughts and empower women (McCluskey, “Here's How to Join…”).To conclude, there are three film stars that the film industry has made: Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, and Emma Watson. Even though Leonardo DiCapr.” The Numbers, www.the-numbers.com/person/730401-Brad-Pitt#tab=acting.Chaillet, Jean Paul, and Juliette Michaud. “Seven (And a Half) Decades of Golden Globes: Part 6: The 90s.” Golden Globe Awards, 10 Dec. 2017, www.goldenglobes.com/articles/seven-and-half-decades-golden-globes-part-6-90s.“Emma Watson Biography.” Biography, 26 Dec. 2019, www.biography.com/actor/emma-watson.“Emma Watson: Gender Equality Is Your Issue Too.” UN Women, 20 Sept. 2014, www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/9/emma-watson-gender-equality-is-your-issue-too.“First Feature Film.” Guinness World Records, www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-feature-film/.Goldberg, MATT. “Saturn Award Nominations Announced; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each.” Collider, 29 Feb. 2012, collider.com/saturn-award-nominations-2012/.Goldenberg, Suzanne. “How Leonardo DiCaprio Became One of the World's Top Climate Change Champions.” The Guardian, 29 Feb. 2016, www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/29/how-leonardo DiCaprio.” World Wildlife Fund, www.worldwildlife.org/leaders/leonardo-dicaprio.“Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies: General Informational 2.” LACES, 2012, www.lacesmagnetschool.org/ourpages/class2012/info.html.Mathews, Jack. “‘Titanic’: Newsday's 1997 Review.” Newsday, 26 Dec. 2017, www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/original-titanic-review-1.15610560.McCluskey, Megan. “Here's How to Join Emma Watson's Feminist Book Club.” TIME, 8 Jan. 2016, time.com/4172664/join-emma-watsons-feminist-book-club/.Robb, David. “U.S. Film Industry Topped $43 Billion In Revenue Last Year, Study Finds, But It’s Not All Good News.” Deadline, 13 July 2018, deadline.com/2018/07/film-industry-revenue-2017-ibisworld-report-gloomy-box-office-1202425692/.Romeneskochool, Jim. “Why Brad Pitt Dropped Out of Missouri Journalism.” Poynter, 23 Sept. 2011, www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2011/why-brad-pitt-dropped-out-of-missouri-journalism-school/.Shin, Du-Young. “브래드 피트, 모든 관습에 맞서는 남자.” [“Brad Pitt, th:
A government-authored history textbook is a history textbook made by the government. The former impeached President of Korea, Geun-Hye Park and her regime decided to publish the government-authored history textbook and make a plan that all schools in Korea use this standardized book only (H.S. Lee, “The Prime Minister Hwang…”). Therefore, in 2015, Jae-in Moon, the president in office, stated that there are some problems with the textbook, and he could not accept the book (Won, “A Statement to the…”). After that, he ordered to discard the textbook after he became the president (K.B. Lee, “The Government-Authored History Textbook…”). At this point, President Moon scrapped the government-authored history textbook because it reflected the one-sided viewpoint, was created without obeying the law, and was against democracy.First, the government-authored history textbook only reflected the perspective of Geun-Hye Park’s regime. President Moon contended in his public discourse that it is politommunization of Korea (Im, “The New Government-Authored Textbook…”). Also, Jung-Hee Park arbitrarily changed the constitution for a long-term dictatorship, restrict individual rights to vote, and violently repressed people who were against him by mobilizing an army. However, it did not explain these irrational activities (A. Kim and Choi, “The Korean History Special”). Considering the one-sided narrative of Jung-Hee Park, the government-authored history textbook was too biased to be a proper textbook that is politically neutral. Thus, President Moon decided to scrap the textbook.Second, the government-authored history textbook was made in violation of the law. President Moon argued that Geun-Hye Park did not comply with the National Finance Law and Administrative Law in the process of making the textbook (Won, “A Statement to the…”). According to legislator Jin-Hoo Jung of Justice Party, Park neglected the laws producing the textbook. For example, she violated the state finance law. Shbecause the textbook made without compliance with the law does not have qualifications as educational material.Third, the government-authored history textbook goes against the ideology of democracy. Michael Apple, the professor at University of Wisconsin, suggested that it is impractical, imbalanced, and harmful to democracy that Geun-Hye Park tries to make the state-authored textbook (S.K. Kim, “Apple ‘Making the State-Authored…”). President Moon argued that the process of publishing the history textbook, which is a standardized and totalitarian idea, refutes democracy by itself in his discourse (Won, “A Statement to the…”). He also argued that the fact that Geun-Hye Park ignored the objecting opinions of the public is a clear dictatorship, and the government-authored history textbook does not exist in democratic states in his overnight demonstration (“South Korea Accused of…”). On the other hand, according to the statement published by 561 history or history education professors in 1, Geun-Hye Park broke the law like National Finance Law and Administrative Law. Third, it runs counter to democracy because it is created by undemocratic ways such as not accommodating opposite opinions of the public or enforcing the unified textbook made by a specific government. If Moon had not scrapped the book, Korean students would have learned biased and uniformed history with the inappropriate textbook.Works CitedBae, Mun-Kyu. “전국 역사교수들 ‘국정 역사교과서는 민주주의 부정’···국정화 폐기 요구.” [“Nationwide History Professors ‘The Government-Authored History Textbook is Denying Democracy’···Demand of Discarding the Government-Authored History Textbook.”]. Kyunghyang Shinmun, 15 Nov. 2016, news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=*************01.Im, Ah-Young. “새 초등 국정교과서 ‘박정희 유신’ 정당화.” [“The New Government-Authored Textbook for Elementary School Students Justified ‘Yusin of Jung-Hee Park’.”]. Kyunghyang Shinmun, 29 Feb. 2016, news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=*************55#csidxarnment-Authored Textbook, Violation of Various Kinds of the Law…Illegal Textbook."”]. Pressian, 3 Nov. 2015, www.pressian.com/pages/articles/130895#0DKU.Lee, Han-Seung. “황총리 ‘검정제도로 올바른 역사교과서 불가능…발행제도 개선.’” [“The Prime Minister Hwang Said, ‘Proper History Textbook Is Impossible with a Certification System… Improving of Publication System.’”]. Yeonhap News, 3 Nov. 2015, www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR2*************001?input=1195m.Lee, Ki-Bum. “국정교과서 '폐기'... 아무도 책임지지 않았다.” [“The Government-Authored History Textbook Was ‘Discarded’… Nobody Was Responsible.”]. No Cut News, 1 June 2017, www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/4792773.Oh, Jennie. “South Korea's Ex-President Park Geun-Hye Illegally Pushed for State-Authored History Textbooks.” UPI, 28 Mar. 2018, www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/03/28/South-Koreas-ex-President-Park-Geun-hye-illegally-pushed-for-state-authored-history-textbooks/2161522225580.“S Korea Leader Moon Scraps State-Issued History Books.” BBC News, 12 May 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-
나는 추리 소설을 좋아하지 않는다. 그 즐거움이 너무 의미 없이 금세 휘발되기 때문이다. 해결되지 않을 것만 같던 미스터리 사건의 발생과 그를 해결해 나가는 탐정의 활약은 책을 보는 당시에는 나에게 즐거움을 주지만, 책을 덮고 나면 그뿐이다. 곱씹어 생각해 볼 여지가 전혀 없다. 내 마음을 찜찜하게 하는 사회 비판적인 메시지나 마음을 울리는 감동, 다시 한번 생각하고 고민하게 하는 요소가 없다. 단편적인 즐거움, 휘발되는 카타르시스. 결국에 남는 것은 메시지가 아니라 작가의 상상력뿐인 가벼운 소설. 그것이 내가 추리 소설에 대해 가지고 있는 생각이었다. 그런데 에도가와 란포의 인간 의자를 읽고 나서는 생각이 조금 바뀌었다. 인간 의자를 읽는 내내 소름이 돋은 것은 물론이거니와, 다 읽은 후에도 한참 턱을 괴고 생각해 보아야 했다. 인간 의자는 내가 생각했던 추리 소설의 모든 조건에 부합하지 않는 작품이었다.
누군가 나에게 어느 시기의 소설을 가장 좋아하느냐 묻는다면 나는 별 고민 없이 1930-40년대의 작품이라고 대답할 것이다. 식민 지배 아래 있다는 역사적 배경과 당대 사람들이 받았던 고통, 당시의 지식인들이 느꼈을 무기력함 등이 맞물려 어느 시대의 문학 작품에서도 드러나지 않는 문학적 특수성을 엿볼 수 있기 때문이다. 하지만 이것은 표면적인 이유일 뿐이고, 솔직히 고백하자면 나는 당대의 문체가 좋았다. 서울 사투리가 섞인 등장인물들의 대사가 좋았고, 문학이 발전해 나가는 과정에서 실험적으로 등장한 독특하고 어려운 서술자의 언어들이 좋았다. 현대에는 쓰이지 않는 낯선 언어와 표현이 뒤섞여 하나의 문장을 구성할 때마다 소름이 돋는 기분이었다. 일례로 나는 한때 ‘소설가 구보 씨의 일일’이라는 단편집을 정말 좋아했다. 책까지 구매해서 학교에 가져다 놓고 시간이 날 때마다 읽었던 기억이 있다. 누군가는 현학적이고 이해할 수 없다고 욕할 수 있겠지만, 정말 나는 순수하게 그러한 이유로 그 당시의 문학 작품들을 좋아했다.