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Japanese Cultural Experience Evaluation

Japanese Cultural Experience EvaluationIntroductionThis assignment will address the cultural values that I have identified in my recent travels in Japan, in particular the experience of an evening meal with an extended Japanese family, in Tokyo on the 5th of July. As I am an Australian who had never been to Japan or overseas before, I found the experience to be new, exciting and challenging. By examining the behaviour of this particular Japanese family I will identify the underlying values and how they fit with the cultural theories proposed by respected cultural theorists.StereotypesTo begin with it is important that stereotypes are understood and how they would affect my experience and how my experience would affect them. Limpermann (1922) identified stereotyping as the organising of images into simple and fixed categories that are used to represent an entire cultural group (cited in Samover & Porter, 2001 pp. 267-268). There is too much information about each individual to know comptheir daughter, Ishizuka Erina, and her Chinese friend Chenying on Wednesday the 5th of July 2006. I arrived with Chenying at 3pm and were greeted by Erina and her mother Minako. Erina was the only member of the Ishizuka family that could speak English, so if needed, Chenying (who speaks many languages) would translate what I could not understand.The Ishizuka family lived in a five-story building where they occupied the second level. What was unique about this set of apartments was that nearly all of the tenants were of the Ishizuka family. In the one building there were uncles and aunts, grandparents and children. I was ushered, bare foot, into a small room with imitation paper walls and doors. Where they bowed to a small shrine on the wall and drank green tea. I asked about the significance of the shrine to which they couldn’t quite explain. I understood that the shrine is allowed to represent anything in which they are to be thankful for. This seemed like a prayer. However, it is moand able to use chopsticks, they commented on it till it was embarrassing. Minako brought in the main meal that consisted of sashimi, rice, dried seaweed, an array of condiments, and more chilled green tea (it is terrible). Minako had the task of preparing the food for everyone. The way in which this meal is prepared is as follows; take one square of seaweed, line half with rice, lay over the sashimi (raw fresh cut slivers of sea creatures), add condiments to taste. These include leaves, wasabi, ginger, and many others that I would never be able to explain. Then wrap it over, dip in soy sauce and eat. The food was delicious (Oishi in nihongo) and the conversations were primarily directed at the range of food and my opinions. The Uncle was the most talkative and a funny man who told a lot of jokes, some of which I understood, most, I didn’t. He also proceeded to tell me all about the issue of North Korea launching test missiles into the ocean off Japan’s west coast. I noticed that throuan and can be seen in homes, business, public places, and on islands and grassy knolls. The behaviour of worshiping these shrines is different to western religions as it is done without an attempt to influence the outcome of events or persuade the gods. It is done with a spirit of acceptance and honouring the natural flow of nature. This behaviour is attributed to the cultural value of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s attitude to nature.In Australia, people practice religion with a sense of communicating and influencing the god/s to provide an individual opportunity in the world. Japanese people do not pray for things or expect anything to come of their actions; they are showing their respect to nature and the order of the universe.Trompenaars’ scores Japan’s attempt to control nature on a score of 19, where Australia scores 36 (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 1998). Australians are 89% more likely to attempt to influence the environment than Japanese people.The role of women in Japan isre much less likely to gain positions of power over other employees. Women make up only 7.8% of low-level management and only 1.2% of senior management positions in Japan (Pradyamna, 2005). This suggests that women are not likely to be respected in business relationships where they hold a high degree of power. This would then require women to align themselves as the subordinates of businessmen, as either secretaries or assistants. Another likely affect is that this behaviour will push women out of the business environment and into the roles socially identified for them, to be housewives.If I were to working with Japanese people constantly I would try and influence them to change their behaviour by encouraging women to choose career paths in an organisation. I would also place them on equal wages as their male counterparts. Conversely if I were to managing a business in Australia that worked with closely with Japan people, I would use high-ranking male staff to communicate with JapaneseS 1

인문/어학| 2007.12.23| 8페이지| 1,500원| 조회(337)

Cultural, experience, affect, Limpermann

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New australian cultural experience

New Cultural Experience – Week 4,8 SubmissionThis assignment is an essay about my cultural experience in particular a church of Australia. The reason I have chosen the Aussie church as my subject is this experience was the first cultural difference I felt ever since I have been here, also everything was quite different from my expectation. In the first part, my experience in the Aussie church will be described, and the stereotype of the Australian church will be stated in the second part.ExperienceOn a Sunday in July 2007, I had almost fit in a new life in Australia, and I went to a Christian City Church near the Sunshine Plaza. Because I go to a church every Sunday and get peace of mind, three weeks absence were enough to make me miss it. I have studied Christian doctrine ever since being baptized, so I am familiar with Christian culture. Also I have thought almost every church in the world had many things in common. Hence I did not think there would be huge differences between Korean not have a chance to get to know Australian churches and culture in Korea before I came here.Even though I did not have fixed stereotypes about Australian churches, I had thought that Australian ones would be different from the grave and serious atmosphere of Korean churches. This is because I thought their behaviours and attitudes are more composed and liberal. However, it was just my guess, so everything was vague. I could just imagine a little, but it was not enough. Therefore I became really eager to experience Australian church and excited after I made my mind to choose this experience as the subject of my first assignment.BehavioursIn this part, two behaviours of people I felt most impressive at the church will be described; low power of a pastor and people’s free action during a service.After finishing singing several Christian songs, one man, wearing a casual jumper, who greeted me with a hi-five appeared on a pulpit, and I thought he was just a person who was supposed to prayprevented people from concentrating on a pastor’s speech. It seemed that people did not mind the others’ behaviours, thus every person in the church were in harmony regardless of age or sex in Australia. For this reason, the service is not divided into different parts according to ages like Korean churches to make more appropriate atmosphere which fit in each ages.Reflection on StereotypesA stereotype is a standardized conception or image of a specific group of people or objects (Nachbar & Lause, 1992). According to this definition, I did not have a strong stereotype of the Aussie church, and I just imagined freer atmosphere than my country. In fact, everything was quite different from Korean church, but I could easily adapt myself to the new culture because there was no remarkable gap between my expectation which substituted a stereotype and reality. In this respect, having a stereotype before going into new cultures can help people to absorb cultural shock. Because every culture seekh the ties between individuals are loose (Hofstede, 2003). As I observed, people behaved regardless of how they looked or how other people think about them. Such a permissive behaviour of people I saw is based on the especially high level of individualism which is 90 while the world average is 43, and this level is the second highest score in Hofstede’s survey, behind the America (Hofstede, 2003). For this reason, the individuality influences almost every thing in Australian’s real life.These two features, low power distance and high individualism, are because Australia has an egalitarian social style based on the belief that people should be treated according to their merits and not their social class or power (Thompson, 1994). Furthermore, Australian culture tends to be meritocratic, such that authority is legitimized mainly on the basis of performance rather than on formal position (Lok and Crawford, 2004).Workplace implicationsPower distance index is one of the important elements dcomfortable and realize it is more effective to make creative ideas, because I see many leaders who think his or her decision is the best choice, and unchangeable when I work as a team in Korea. The leadership based on high power distance might be effective when they do not have much time to consider every member’s opinion or have a strict class like a military. However, the role of a leader Korea is changing little by little as entering the society emphasizing creativity. Therefore, If Australian people acknowledge overall atmosphere that high power distance used to be the most impact element before they work, they could be fit in the work place without a problem in Korea.ConclusionThe experience of the Aussie church which looks very simple gave me a special lesson about the cultural value. There were hidden values which explained different behaviours from mine even thought it was just a tiny thing.I always thought it would be very easy to adjust my behaviour to the new culture becaus1

사회과학| 2007.12.23| 6페이지| 1,500원| 조회(359)

Hofstede, church, experience, Australian cu..

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Analysis of Lynx ad campaign using an accepted theoretical framework related to sex and humour

1.0IntroductionThis report discusses topic 2: examining an ad-campaign using an appropriate theoretical framework. Identifying the theoretical concept used within the Lynx advertisements is vital in order to determine their success and consumers buying behaviour in relation to the techniques used. Advertisers use various techniques according to their target market’s characteristic in order to attract consumer’s attention. This paper is especially focused on ‘Sex’ and ‘Humour’ which Lynx uses heavily within their ads. The Lynx ads help identify the different marketing techniques used on the target audience using ‘Sex’ and ‘Humour’. The overall volume and expenditure of the deodorant market will be discussed within the report, followed by an analysis of the techniques of ‘sex’ and ‘humour’ employed within the Lynx ads. Finally the report will examine the three theoretical concepts prevalent within the Lynx advertising campaign. Whilst explaining how the ads have adapted these theories tod Lynx advertisement, when women meet men wearing Lynx, they show sudden interest towards him and act in a sexually alluring manner, marketed by Lynx as the ‘Lynx Effect’. In a recent study, 39% of undergraduate students thought an ad’s sexual appeal was primarily based on the models sexual behaviour such including sexualised language alluding to a sexual act and the type of vocalic use (Reichert & Ramirez, 2000). In this respect, the vocalic phrase “Bom chicka wah wah” which Lynx uses as an ad theme operates effectively as another sexual behaviour to make people recognize their product and promote a sexual tone.The short phrase mimics a pop culture guitar sound from the 1970’s adult movies, provoking a sexual context, whilst embedding a strong sexual nature and appeal within the Lynx ad.4.0Application of humour within the Lynx advertising campaignIn this section, the techniques Lynx uses in advertising its products are discussed, with a focus on the utilisation of humour. The sound “B expectation to generate humour. Then, what is incongruity theory? Incongruity is defined by McGhee (1979) as “the relationships between components of an object, event, idea, social expectation and so forth. When the arrangement of the constituent element of an event is incompatible with the normal or expected pattern, the event is perceived as incongruous.” The interpretation consists of several steps. Firstly, when the recipient detects incongruence in an ad, the recipient starts interpreting the situation. Secondly, the recipient resolves the situation by providing encyclopaedic knowledge or information given earlier in the ad, and lastly recognizes it as humorous (Homepage of Walterw.de).5.2Extended incongruity resolution model of humourAlden, Mukherje & Hoyer (2000) suggested extended "incongruity resolution" model of humour in television advertising that incorporates incongruity, surprise and perceived humour. This model provides a useful framework in explaining the process of hueven though people do not be aware of the sexual context. Once their subconsciousness is stimulated, it causes positive movement toward the ads such as longer watching times, favourable dispositions to products, and behavioural intentions (Theus, 1994).According to embeds and symbolism stated above, Lynx are effectively using this theory in their ads through ‘sound’ and ‘gesture’. First, ‘Bom chicka wah wah’ which sounds meaningless and strange is repeated as a rhythmical intonation in the Lynx’s ads as being lodged in customers’ unconsciousness. The fact this vocalic came from guitar sound in1970s adult movies indicates that it is not only simple sound for easier association but also useful tool to stimulate customer’s recognition. Second, a woman’s exaggerated gestures imply she can not tolerate her sexual desire and this symbolic gesture strongly remains within the customer’s mind. While sexual behaviour affects the customer’s recognition, the sound, ‘Bom chicka wah wah’ further heln focus on taboo or uncomfortable topics by outwitting the internal censors, therefore relieving the tense or nervous feelings usually associated with a particular uncomfortable topic.ConclusionIn conclusion, as a result of fierce market competition it is vital that Lynx differentiates its marketing message from competitors. Lynx has used sex as a technique to further enhance its advertising appeal, through sexual behaviours and promiscuous inferences. Lynx has also employed humour to add distance to the sexual tone of the ad, whilst gaining the audiences attention to increase their exposure to the advertising message. Lynx has effectively used incongruity to invoke curiosity though humorous exaggeration thus increasing audience awareness. The use of embeds and symbolism is also prevalent within the lynx ads, using sexual behaviours and vocalic to gain a favourable disposition amongst the audience. The framework of the release theory enables lynx to relieve audience tension by distanciT 1

경영/경제| 2007.12.23| 22페이지| 3,000원| 조회(498)

sex, Lynx, homour, embeds and symbolism, Inc..

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The essay about Debates are an effective communication

Consider your experience of the debate process from group formation to conclusion. Focus on one the following key elements: your team’s argument, your team’s group processes or your team’s presentation style and argue for or against the statement, “Debates are an effective communication” relevant to your chosen topic, must be based in academic research and must refer to examples from your team’s argument, group processes and/or debate presentation. Argue for or against the statement that, “Debates are an effective communication strategy”. Consider your experience of your team’s debate process from group formation to conclusion focusing on public speaking strategies for debates.In terms of public speaking strategies, debates are an effective communication form because it allows speakers to advocate argument and persuade audience. There are three aspects of public speaking strategies which make debates more effective namely; preparation, connection with audience and management of visualsceiver the opportunity to respond in order to see whether they have understood (Mohan 1997, p. 5). For these reasons, debates can be one of the effective communication strategies in terms of public speaking. Freeley (2005) states, a debate is ‘the process of inquiry and advocacy, a way of arriving at a reasoned judgment on a proposition’. Through the process of delivering the message using public speaking strategies, the meaning can be understood precisely among speakers. There are three aspects of effective public speaking, which are preparation, connection with audience and management of visuals.Preparation of speech allows speakers to can take a message-based approach using palm cards. According to Bowden (1999), speakers must be clear about context, message, and objective of the speech in order for a message-based approach to be effective, and palm cards help speakers communicate clear message (p.18). When people speak something in public, they easily confuse ‘message’ and ‘fact’. ages involved in speech structuring, which are transcribe, lighten and rearrange (p.22). In order to make a logical structure, members of the affirmative team wrote two or three key words in separated palm cards and also added quotation and data. For this reason, speakers of the affirmative did not lose the point of the argument and rebutted opposite speakers persuasively using data like statistics (Bowden 1999, p.22). The debate speech would not have been effective without well-arranged palm cards, therefore, debates can be an effective communication strategy as speakers can prepare their speech beforehand (Bowden 1999, p.18). Prepared speech makes speakers concentrate on a message-based argument and set a proper structure of the speech. Furthermore, the meaning is successfully transferred through establishing the connection with the audience. Various channels, in particular non-verbal communication, which is essential for the public speaking, make it possible.Connection with the audieaker as well as showing gesture like nodding heads indicating that the message was well understood.In addition, a variety of nonverbal behaviours in the area of presenter style and manner are interplayed to communicate strong messages (Leech 2004). Competence, trust, maturity, sensitivity, sophistication, and strength of character are all measured to a great extent by nonverbal factors, and much of this is sensed from tone of voice (Leech 2004, p. 223-224). When the affirmative team presented, team members tried to respect the audience, and stay calm and positive. The debate contains rebuttal of the other side, sometimes speakers are easily agitated. The affirmative team members managed their voice and kept calm to avoid becoming defensive. In addition, gesture is also effective factor of the public speaking, and unnatural gestures and stiff posture can make audience uncomfortable and even stressed (Eunson 2006, p. 323). Also, exaggerated gesture or bad posture like quivering leg can d, the audience would pay less attention to each point and to the presenter (Dibble & Langford 1994, p.77). Therefore, a presenter should use visuals when they need to emphasise or clarify a point. When the affirmative team presented, team members showed power point slides which contained three points of the argument and pictures behind them. This slide helped audience to concentrate on key points and not to miss path of the debate (Dibble & Langford 1994, p.77). The affirmative team properly utilised visuals by choosing best ones which were most significant to the argument.Debates are an effective communication in terms of public speaking strategies. Speakers can take a message-based approach and build a proper structure of speech because of well-organized speech using palm cards. In addition, the speakers can make strong connection with audience through useful nonverbal communication such as eye contact, voice and gesture. Managing well-designed visuals to support their presentation

사회과학| 2007.12.23| 7페이지| 2,000원| 조회(862)

DEBATES, speaking, STRATEGIES, effective, Au..

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이기심과 이타심에 관한 에세이 평가A좋아요

이기심과 이타심, 그리고 인간.“나 , 오늘부터 이기적인 사람이 되기로 했어요. 남의 마음 아프게 하더라도, 당신만을 생각할거야. ”최근 방영중인 주말드라마의 남자주인공이 여자주인공에게 사랑을 고백하며 하는 말이다. 여자주인공을 사랑함으로써 그녀를 사랑하는 또 다른 남자의 마음은 찢어지겠지만, 그 사람의 사랑보다는 내 사랑이 더 중요하기 때문에 이기적일 수밖에 없다는 것이 남자주인공의 생각이다. 맞는 말이다. 당장 내 마음이 아파 죽을 것 같은데, 남의 마음 따위 배려할 여유가 있겠는가. 그렇기 때문에, ‘이타심의 발현’인 듯 보이는 남녀관계에서 조차도 ‘이기심’은 ‘사랑’이라는 이름으로 정당화 되고 있다. 드라마 속에서 숱하게 ‘사랑’때문에 친구와 부모를 등지는 이기적인 인물들을 보라. 우리는 이를 ‘로맨스’라고 부르지 않는가.이처럼 인간이라면 누구나 ‘남’보다는 ‘나’를 먼저 생각하게 되는 ‘이기심(利己心)’을 가지고 있다. 사랑을 할 때의 이기심에서부터, 일상생활에서의 크고 작은 이기심, 그리고 어떤 공통의 이기심들이 모인 특정 ‘집단’의 이기심과 가장 큰 단위라 할 수 있는 ‘국가와 민족’의 이기심 까지. 인간의 이기심은 그 종류와 범위가 매우 광범위해서 명확하게 정의 내릴 수도, 한계를 지을 수 없고, 이런 ‘이기심’을 惡 또는 善 이라고 딱 잘라서 이야기 할 수도 없다. 하지만 이기심은 오래 전부터 사회, 문화, 경제, 환경 등 인간의 삶 전반에 걸쳐 ‘보이지 않는 손’)의 역할을 해 온 것은 분명하다.일찍이 경제학자 애덤 스미스는 그의 저서 ?국부론?에서 ‘개인의 이기심과 경쟁의 상호작용이 사회를 이끌어 간다’)고 말했고, 이는 자유주의 경제학을 설명하는 가장 유명하고 간단명료한 말이 되었다. 이는 자신의 이익을 추구하는 ‘이기심’이 시장경제를 움직이는 원리임을 이야기하는 것이고 이제 와서 이를 부정하는 이는 거의 없다. 자신의 이익을 위해 하는 행동이 결국 개인의 이익뿐만 아니라 이해 관계자 모두에게 이익을 가져다준다니 경제원리에 있어서 개인의 이기심은 惡 보다는 善에 더 가까워 보인다. 하지만 보통 사람들은 이기심을 조장하고 칭찬하기 보다는 나쁜 쪽으로 생각하는 것이 일반적이다. 우리들 중 그 누구도 “넌 이기적인 인간 이야.”라는 말을 들었을 때 기분이 좋아질 사람은 아마 없을 테니 말이다. 이는 우리가 보통 알고 있고, 또 직접 행하고 있는 ‘이기적인 행동’에는 긍정적인 것 보다 부정적인 결과를 더 많이 낳기 때문일 것이다. 시험기간에 필기 노트를 친구에게 빌려주려 하지 않는 개인적인 이기심에서부터, 자국의 경제성장을 위한 초강대국의 교토 의정서의 탈퇴 까지 이기심의 발현은 보통 ‘소수의 이익, 다수의 피해’라는 결과를 가져온다. 이러한 이기심이 특정 집단이나 국가 등 범위가 커질 경우에 사회적 파급력은 더 커지게 된다. 너무나도 유명한 NIMBY) 와 PIMFY) 는 개인적 이기심이 집단 이기주의로 나타난 대표적인 사례이다. 그러나 인간의 행동을 ‘이기심’만으로는 설명할 수 없다. 조금은 극단적인 예를 들면, 알지도 못하는 일본인을 구하고 자신의 목숨을 희생한 한국 유학생의 행동은 절대 이기심으로는 이해 할 수 없기 때문이다. 이성적으로는 납득이 가지 않는 이러한 행동을 일컬어 우리는 ‘이타심’이라고 부른다.그렇다면 선과 악의 두 가지 모습을 모두 가지고 있는 인간의 이기심은 과연 어떻게 설명해야 할까? 그리고 인간은 이기적인 존재인가, 아니면 이타적인 존재인가?이는 동서양을 막론하고 오래전부터 학자들에게 공통된 고민거리였고, 맹자와 루소의 성선설과 순자와 쇼펜하우어의 성악설 등은 오늘날까지 팽팽하게 대립하고 있다.이런 와중에 ‘리처드 도킨스’ 라는 학자에 의한 이기적 유전자설은 인간의 이기심과 이타심에 대한 흥미로운 해석을 제공하고 있다. 그는 ?이기적 유전자?라는 저서에서, 성공한 유전자에 기대되는 특질 중에 가장 중요한 것은 ‘비정한 이기주의’)라고 말하고 있으며 때문에 자연 선택에 의해 진화되어 온 것은 무엇이든 이기적일 수밖에 없다)고 주장한다. 그의 저서에서 설명 된 동물들의 이기적 행동 - 남극의 황제펭귄들은 바다표범에게 희생되지 않기 위해 서로 바닷물에 먼저 뛰어들기를 주저하며 서로 밀치다가 무리 중의 하나를 희생물로 만든다 -은 인간 외의 종의 이기심을 잘 설명하고 있다.그러나 흥미로운 사실은, 인간과 마찬가지로 이타적인 행동을 보이는 일벌의 예 - 벌들을 침을 쏘는 행위를 통해 종을 방어하고 자신은 죽게 된다-를 통해 도킨스는 이타심마저 이기심의 연장선상에서 보고 있다는 것이다. 이를 제한적인 이타심이라고 정의하고 있는데, 겉으로 이기적이거나 이타적으로 보이는 행동 모두는 결국 ‘자신의 유전자를 이롭게 하는 행동’)이라는 것이다. 즉, 인간 역시 유전자의 보존을 위해 오랫동안 상황에 따라 이기적, 또는 이타적인 행동을 취함으로써 생존해 왔다는 것이다. 도킨스는 이러한 생각을 바탕으로 결혼, 임신, 출산, 죽음 등을 모두 ‘이기적 유전자’에 따라서 설명하고 있다.그의 이러한 생각들은 다분히 생명공학적인 측면에서의 이론이며 이기심과 이타심을 심리학적으로 설명하려 했던 기존의 학자들에게는 매우 신선한 발상임에 틀림없다.하지만 인간의 행동은 단순히 과학적으로만 설명할 수 없는 것이 더 많다. 적에게 침을 쏨으로써 자신을 희생하는 일벌의 행동은 자기 집단의 방어를 위함이었다는 것이었다 하더라도, 부모의 자식에 대한 무조건적인 사랑과 수많은 봉사단체들, 남을 구하기 위해 자신의 목숨을 희생하는 등의 인간의 행동은 결코 한 가지 잣대로만 설명할 수 없다.

사회과학| 2007.05.03| 3페이지| 1,000원| 조회(710)

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