Sub trinomial_Tree_Ecall() Dim s As Double Dim K As Double Dim r As Double Dim T As Double Dim N As Double Dim dt As Double Dim u As Double Dim d As Double Dim pu, pm, pd As Double Dim vol As Double Dim i, j As Integer Dim st() As Double Dim Value() As Double s = Range("c4") K = Range("c5") r = Range("c6") vol = Range("c7") T = Range("c8") N = Range("c9") dt = T / N Range("c10") = dt u = Exp(vol * (3 * dt) ^ 0.5) d = 1 / upu = (dt / (12 * vol)) ^ 0.5 * (r - vol ^ 2 / 2) + 1 / 6pm = 2 / 3 pd = -(dt / (12 * vol)) ^ 0.5 * (r - vol ^ 2 / 2) + 1 / 6 Range("c11") = u Range("c12") = d Range("c13") = pu Range("c14") = pm Range("c15") = pd
교차 헤지 성과에 대한 프로세스 및 결과 ppt파일입니다. ObjectEmpirical studyresultsINVESTMENTObject- Study for Performance of Cross-Hedging using the Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)Boom VS RecessionINVESTMENTData : 2006.04 ~ 2007.09 ~ 2009.03 KOSPI200 Index Future (nearby month contract)+KOSPI200 Individual stocks (correlation >0.7)INVESTMENTDiagramStartExtract sampleSelect Initial, final dateCalculate HRSet position of hedging portfolioIterationCalculate Sample mean of HEIteration
Suitable Volatilitiesfor Dynamic Cross-HedgingConsidering Business CycleINTRODUCTIONIn the market, there are many risks including credit risk, market risk and operational risk. So it is very important to reduce their portfolio exposures. Indeed, portfolio managers seek to develop investment techniques to minimize risks and to optimize returns.KOSPI200 index futures should offer effective methods for risk management to investors such as banks, securities companies and insurance companies. And it is possible to take nonsystematic risk for excess return without systematic risk. So investors should get the positive returns without systematic risk.To hedging efficiently, we have to know the correct hedge ratio between portfolio and KOSPI200 index futures. Then portfolio exposures should be decreased.There are a lot of ways to estimate the optimal hedge ratio but no big difference of efficiency.A hedge ratio estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is often superior to another hedge ratio ehods for hedging and taking non-systematic risks by using the KOSPI200 index futures whether economy condition is boom or recession.HYPOTHESISThe correlations between index futures and individual stocks should be higher in the recession period than the boom period. If the market crash is occurred, the peoples should sell their assets because they are scared of decreasing their asset value.So, almost stock prices in the market should be decreased. And then the index and the index futures will be decreased too.For this reason, the correlations between index futures and individual stocks should be higher in the recession period.If the correlations are increased, the performance of cross hedging will be increased.Hypothesis 1: whenever we use any methods for hedging, the performance of cross hedging will be higher in the recession period than in the boom period..Hypothesis 2: The EWMA method is more sophisticate than the Simple Moving Average (SMA). So there will be high hedge effectiveneso hypothesis 1, the performance of cross hedging will be higher in the recession period than in the boom period whenever we use any methods for hedging.The second result corresponds to hypothesis 1.Now, we analyze hedge effectiveness by industry when we construct hedged portfolio using industrial classification portfolio and KOSPI200 index futures.GivenExpectation of HEStandard deviation of HEBOOMSMA95.83%SMA91.67%EWMA4.17%EWMA8.33%RECESSIONSMA87.50%SMA95.83%EWMA12.50%EWMA4.17%SMABOOM33.33%BOOM58.33%RECESSION66.67%RECESSION41.67%EWMABOOM41.67%BOOM50.00%RECESSION58.33%RECESSION50.00%First, the expectation of HE using SMA is 95.83% given BOOM period.The SMA method makes higher expectation of HE and lower standard deviation of HE in both the BOOM and the RECESSION period.So the SMA method is superior to EWMA regardless of economic condition because it makes higher expectation of HE and lower standard deviation of HE.The first result does not correspond to hypothesis 2.Second, expectation mbda=0.8; % parameter of EWMAdata_origin_boom=xlsread('return(06_4~07_9)');data_origin_recession=xlsread('return(07_10~09_3)');for m=1:2results=zeros(36,4);for z=2:37%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Selection of data Input data (price, recently)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%if m==1data_origin=data_origin_boom;elseif m==2data_origin=data_origin_recession;enddata=[data_origin(:,1) data_origin(:,z)]; % Selection of item%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Future_r=data(1:360,1);Portfolio_r=data(1:360,2);%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%for y=1:r % scenario ** mean of sample meanfor p=1:trdate(p,1)=fix(rand()*179+1); % Random number between 0~180 on Uniform Distributionrdate(p,covar_ewma./var_future_ewma)';HR_ewma=[k;0;0];hedged_position_ewma=Portfolio_r(mini(v,1):maxi(v,1))-Future_r(mini(v,1):maxi(v,1))./HR_ewma(mini(v,1):maxi(v,1));unhedged_position_ewma=Portfolio_r(mini(v,1):maxi(v,1));hedge_ewma=var(hedged_position_ewma); % Variance of Position ( Pf + Future)unhedge_ewma=var(unhedged_position_ewma);if unhedge_ewma==0unhedge_ewma=0.000001;endHE(v,2)=1-hedge_ewma/unhedge_ewma; % Hedge Effectiveness_ewmaend % End of iterationcollection_mean_sma(y,1)= sum(HE(:,1))/t; %mean_sma;collection_mean_ewma(y,1)=sum(HE(:,2))/t; %mean_ewma;end % End of scenario%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% results Mean of sample mean (Using Central limit Thm)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%result=[mean(collection_mean_sma) (var(collection_mean_sma)*r).^0.5 mean(collection_mean_ewma) (var(collection_mean_ewma)*r).^0.5 ];results(z-1,:)=result;% [mean_sma | sd_sma | mean_569
자 본 예 산 (Capital Budgeting)목 차 의의 중요성 경제성 분석 방법 비교자본예산 편성 절차 투자안의 개발 투자안의 미래현금흐름 추정 투자안의 경제성 평가 투자안 실행 투자 후 재평가 계 획 실 행 통 제자본예산 (Capital Budgeting) 투자 안에 대한 타당성 분석 자본의 투입 여부 결정경쟁우위 유지 큰 자본 지출의 규모 장기적인 자본 투하를 수반 미래 CF 의 불확실성 자본예산의 중요성투자안의 분류 독립적 투자안 종속적 투자안 ① 상호 배타적 투자안 ② 상호 인과적 투자안현금흐름 추정 원칙 부수적 효과 기회비용 매몰비용 간접비용 순운전자본 변화 현금흐름만이 투자분석의 대상 증분 기준 인플레이션을 일관성 있게 고려자본예산의 기법 Net Present Value ; NPV 순 현재가치 법 Internal Rate of Return ; IRR 내부 수익률 법 Payback Period Method ; PPM 회수 기간 법 Profitability Index ; PI 수익성지수 법 Accounting Rate of Return ; ARR) 회계적 이익률 법회수 기간 법 (PPM) PPM 의 정의 1) 회수 기간 법 (Payback Period Method ; PPM) 2) 할인 회수 기간 법 (Discounted Payback Period Method ; DPPM) 투자 안의 평가 (1 ) 독립투자 안 산출된 회수기간 기업내부에서 정한 회수기간 (2) 상호배타적 투자 안 회수기간 이 작은 순서대로 투자순위 결정회수 기간 법 (PPM) 투자안 년 (t) A B C D 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1,500 150 1350 150 -150 -600 -1,500 0 0 450 1,050 1,950 -1,500 150 300 450 600 1,875 -1,500 300 450 750 750 900 회수기간 2 4 4 3할인 회수 기간 법 (DPPM) 투자안 년 (t) A B C D 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1,500 136.36 1115.70 112.70 -102.45 -372.55 -1,500 0.00 0.00 338.09 717.16 1210.80 -1,500 136.36 247.93 338.09 409.81 1164.23 -1,500 272.73 371.90 563.49 512.26 558.83 회수기간 X 4.37 4.32 3.57순 현재가치 법 (NPV) NPV 의 정의 투자 안의 평가 (1) 독립투자 안 NPV 0 → 투자 안 채택 (2) 상호배타적 투자 안 NPV 가 큰 순서대로 투자순위 결정순 현재가치 법 (NPV) r = 10% 150 300 450 600 1,875 -1,500.00 136.35 247.80 337.95 409.80 1,164.37 796.28 : 순현가 (NPV) 현가 = n 년의 현금흐름 (1 + 0.1) n 투 자 안 A B C D NPV -610.24 766.05 796.42 779.20내부수익률 법 (IRR) IRR 의 정의 투자 안의 평가 (1) 독립투자 안 IRR K( 자본비용 ) → 투자 안 채택 (2) 상호배타적 투자 안 IRR 이 큰 순서대로 투자순위 결정내부수익률 법 (IRR) 0 1 2 3 4 5 150 300 450 600 1,875 -1,500.00 PV 1 PV 2 PV 3 PV 4 PV 5 NPV : 0 현가 = n 년의 현금흐름 (1 + IRR) n 투 자 안 A B C D IRR -20.0 20.9 22.8 25.4수익성 지수 법 (PI) PI 의 정의 NPV 0 → PI 1 NPV 0 → PI 1 투자 안의 평가 (1 ) 독립투자 안 PI 1 → 투자 안 채택 (2) 상호배타적 투자 안 PI 가 큰 순서대로 투자순위 결정수익성 지수 법 (PI) 투자안 현금흐름 ( t=0) 현금흐름 ( t=1) PI(r=10%) NPV(r=10%) L -10,000 15,000 1.36 3,636 K -100 200 1.82 82 L-K -9,900 14,800 1.36 3,554회계적 이익률 법 (ARR) ARR 의 정의 투자 안의 평가 (1 ) 독립투자 안 ARR 기업내부에서 정한 기준 수익률 (2) 상호배타적 투자 안 ARR 이 큰 순서대로 투자순위 결정 ( 정액법 )회계적 이익률 법 (ARR) t=0 t=1 1350 1050 750 450 150 t=2 t=3 t=4 순이익 150 300 450 600 1875 t=5 평균 투자액 투자액 : 1500 만원 투자수명 : 5 년 감가상각법 : 정액법 잔존가치 : 없음 투 자 안 A B C D ARR 24% 92% 90% 84%자본예산 기법의 비교 투자안 년 (t) A B C D 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1,500 150 1350 150 -150 -600 -1,500 0 0 450 1,050 1,950 -1,500 150 300 450 600 1,875 -1,500 300 450 750 750 900 PPM 2 4 4 3 DPPM X 4.37 4.32 3.57 NPV -610.24 766.05 796.42 779.20 IRR -20 20.9 22.8 25.4 ARR 24% 92% 90% 84% 모든현금흐름고려 시간가치고려 기업가치 극대화 PPM X X X ARR O X X IRR O O X NPV O O O재무관리자가 사용하는 경제성분석방법 미국 한국 PPM 56% 32% NPV 74% 51% IRR 75% 54% ARR 20% 15% 이한득 박상수 최수미 , “ 한국기업의 재무활동 역량서베이 ,” LG 경제연구원 , 2001.09IRR NPV vs IRRNPV vs IRR 재투자 수익률의 가정 내부수익률 존재의 문제 이자율 기간구조 가치의 가산원칙 NPV 가 IRR 보다 우수하다 !!IRR : 단 하나의 IRR t 0 1 2 3 CF -100.0000 40.0000 50.0000 70.0000 PV(CF) -100.0000 32.0251 32.0503 35.9245 NPV -0.0000 IRR 0.2490IRR : 복수해 t 0 1 2 3 CF -100.0000 250.0000 -130.0000 -30.0000 PV(CF) -100.0000 166.6667 -57.7778 -8.8889 NPV 0.0000 NPV 0.0000 IRR 1 0.1708 IRR 2 0.5000IRR : 존재하지 않는 경우 t 0 1 2 3 CF -100.0000 250.0000 -130.0000 -50.0000 PV(CF) -100.0000 200.1571 -83.3308 -25.6604IRR t 0 1 2 3 4 CF(A) -100.0000 120.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 CF(B) -100.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 150.0000 WACC Fisher NPV IRR 0.0900 0.0772 A 10.0917 0.2000 B 6.2638 0.1067 0.0300 0.0772 NPV IRR A 16.5049 0.2000 B 33.2731 0.1067THANK YOU{nameOfApplication=Show}