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East Asian Miracle [The Logic of the Developmental State]

Professor: Jongpil ChungInternational Relations of East Asia2008100720 Seo-young Gil, 2008100768 Heoun-jeong OhOct. 15th, 2010East Asian Miracle[The Logic of the Developmental State]Ⅰ. IntroductionDuring and after the Cold War, East Asian countries have achieved extremely high level of economic development. There have been various theories analyzing this development such as Structuralism, Neoclassicism, and Institutionalism. The article, “The Logic of the Developmental State,” is written in the institutionalist point of view which transcends both arguments of the structuralist and neoclassicist focusing on only one dimension of the developmental state. Institutionalist criticizes that with frames of these two theories, we can’t understand the East Asian countries’ experience perfectly. So they emphasize the role of market and state at the same time, focusing on various aspects of developmental states such as historical, institutional, and political context.In this paper, we are going tte model. To understand this, institutionalist developed the concept of the governed market (GM) theory which means that state offers high investment to selected industries and makes them exposed to international competition. So, we can derive several features of developmental states from this: high degree of selectivity and subsidization and high level of exposure to foreign markets. South Korea is a good example of this governed market theory. The role of the state was crucial in the procedure of industrialization in South Korea. Through market economy guided by government, South Korea achieved rapid industrialization and high level of international competitiveness.The article also mentions that there were specific political and institutional arrangements which made strategic industrial policy more effective. Political and institutional arrangements in the developmental states refer to high level of bureaucratic autonomy and the public - private cooperation. These features are also ie of the conditions of domestic circumstance.ⅱ. International Circumstance of Developmental StatesThe Historical origin with the international affairs worked as crucial part to build the developmental state. During the postwar period, East Asian countries faced a high degree of external threat. This geopolitical matter means that they were under direct Communist threat, as these countries were near to Soviet Union whose ideology was against United States. The fact that these countries desperately needed to improve their security to protect and justify themselves made them to focus on the nationalistic vision.East Asian countries also have commonness of experiencing the redistribution of wealth which was caused by external influence. In the case of Japan, it was the devastating impact of World War Ⅱ which made Japan have egalitarian base before rapid industrialization. In the case of Korea and Taiwan, they experienced extensive land reforms under the colonial rule and large landlords whred by United States.Ⅲ. Theoretical ApproachesWe thought that the development of East Asian countries can be analyzed by two theories: Realism and Marxism. So we are going to briefly examine how these theories can be applied to the experience of East Asian countries.ⅰ. RealismDuring the Cold War, the two countries, U.S. and the Soviet Union, started to make more satellite states by military and economic support. There was a fierce armament race between the two countries and they were running towards security dilemma. In this race, one of the countries that the U.S. supported was Japan. Obviously this was to threat China and Soviet Union. Moreover, by the geostrategic significance Korea and Taiwan had, the U.S. started to support those two countries. This was the reason why the U.S. had a deep relationship with the East Asian states and by that relationship the states developed economically. In this point of view, we can see that the industrial development was by U.S. trying to enlarge ade it possible to control the international influence. Without this domestic condition, enormous foreign capital influence could have been in vain as we can see in some cases of Latin American countries. The strategic policy which was led by government in East Asian countries could have also failed without proper international circumstance which offered a great amount of capital and foreign markets. So from this perspective, we conclude that the combination of these two elements and overall timing was crucial for the subsequent success of the East Asian developmental states.Ⅴ. Our own impression about the articleAfter examining information given by the article, we’ve discovered some weaknesses of the article which we want to point out. First of all, the opinion by Cumings shows weak understanding of Korean history. With regard to the argument that Japanese colonial ruling made a fast industrialization in Korea, Cumings overlooked the fact that Korea did not really get developed but was.

사회과학| 2010.11.20| 6페이지| 1,500원| 조회(280)

동아시아, 정치, 냉전, 발전국가, development state

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국회 내의 정당

Korean PoliticsProfessor Kwon2008100768 오현정Sep. 29, 2009The Present State of Korean Political Parties in the National AssemblyIn the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, there are 240 seats for electoral district and 50 seats for proportional representation. Negotiation groups in National Assembly are classified into two parts, one of which is Negotiation Group including Grand National Party(한나라당) and Democratic Party(민주당) and another is Non-Negotiation Group including Liberty Advanced Party(자유선진당), Democratic Labor Party(민주노동당), Pro-Park Alliance(친박연대), Creative Korea Party(창조한국당), Solidarity for New Progressive Party(진보신당), and members with no political party affiliation.Grand National Party occupies 145 seats for electoral district and 22 for proportional representation, totally occupying 167 seats, which takes possession of 57.59% in the National Assembly. Most policies which Grand National Party is trying to propel are related to economic growth. One of the notable policies homes a year. Grand National Party has an inclination toward the most conservative position, that is, right stance, which prefers to maintain the status quo. This party has tendency to advocate people who have a vested right, and that’s why people who support Grand National Party are almost the privileged people and the elders who don’t want status quo to be changed.Democratic Party occupies 69 for electoral district and 14 for proportional representation, totally occupying 83 seats, which takes possession of 28.62% in the National Assembly. This party is also fairly conservative, but not as much as Grand National Party. This party is promoting policies which are focused on stabilization for the middle and working classes. One of the typical policies is to develop the market economy harmonized with growth and distribution for promoting working classes to be combined into middle classes. Other policies include an alleviating tax burden for middle and working classes, a revitalization oional Assembly. This party takes fairly conservative position as Grand National Party, putting importance on liberal democracy, market economy, and voluntary community. Liberty Advanced Party was organized in 2008, so it’s hard to find distinguished and prominent policies. The major supporters of this party are privileged and vested classes, I guess, because this party is inclined to right position, which doesn’t pursue change of status quo.Democratic Labor Party occupies 2 seats for electoral district and 3 for proportional representation, totally occupying 5 seats, which takes possession of 1.72% in the National Assembly. This party stands for left position, which may keep the most progressive stance among all of the parties in the National Assembly. Democratic Labor Party assumes a critical attitude toward corrupted politics and devotes itself to realizing democracy by the working class and populace who have a sense of sovereignty. Consequently, most policies of this party are focusg 3 seats, which takes possession of 1.03% in the National Assembly. Creative Korea Party tries to pursue a new paradigm which puts a great importance on proper economic growth, and so it doesn’t seem to have a distinct inclination to conservative or progressive position, though it is often seen more progressive rather than conservative. Its notable policies are these things - to resist on constructing Grand Canal, to support minor businesses, and price reduction for the stabilization of the people’s livelihood. It strongly argues that the construction of Grand Canal would bring about economical and environmental disasters. It also insists that the most urgent policy to promote national economy should be government’s support for middle and small-sized businesses, not to construct Grand Canal which demands enormous cost. Supporters of this policy believe that the way to make national economy stable is to promote these minor businesses, getting out of the influence of large enterprises. ional representation, totally occupying 5 seats, which takes possession of 1.72% in the National Assembly. The members who organized this political party had been charter members of Grand National Party. That makes this party to become inclined to conservative position rather than progressive one. Pro-Park Alliance, however, was integrated with Grand National Party again.Solidarity for New Progressive Party occupies 1 seat for only electoral district, totally occupying 1 seat, which takes possession of 0.34% in the National Assembly. This party was segregated from Democratic Labor Party, which makes this party also inclined to the most progressive position. The notable one of Solidarity for New Progressive Party is that it strongly denies capitalistic system, arguing that every creature would be subject to capital under this system. Thus, according to this stance, capitalistic system and idealistic community are incompatible. It insists that we need a progressive imagination and power 5

사회과학| 2010.04.06| 5페이지| 1,000원| 조회(171)

영어, 정치, 국회, 정당

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`이상한 나라 앨리스`에 나타난 주인공의 정체성 위기(영어자료)

Children's LiteratureProfessor Cho.2008100768 오현정Dec. 18, 2009Identity Crisis in 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland': Alice's growth through undergoing and overcoming the identity crisisFor young children, it's quite hard to recognize who they are, which doesn't have any problem in children's life until they notice that they exist in the world. Once children recognize they are in existence in this world, they start to ask themselves who they are. Since then, they try to have some traits which are different from others and they struggle to find some words which make them distinguished. The process of constructing self-identity is extremely important phase in life, and that's why it can't be solved easily, not only for young children but also grown up people.'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' have various sub-themes which are crucial to understand whole society and individual life. What I focus here is Alice's growth through undergoing and overcoming the identity crisis. The reason why I ween real people and virtual character makes connection between real world and fiction. In this story, Alice goes through several events which are quite queer for her to accept and Alice's attitude toward herself continues to change through whole story. I think that this Alice's perception toward her identity can divided into three stages.First of all, Alice doesn't have any fear or uncertainty about her identity before she goes into the Wonderland. When Alice is with her sister, she just feels bored because it's not interesting for her to read a book without any picture. She doesn't recognize her existence and doesn't have any duty of finding her meaning in the world. Alice's perception of herself and the world is not crucial thing and all Alice cares is satisfaction and amusement which she can feel.This Alice's attitude toward herself, however, starts to change when she goes into the rabbit hole and encounters the Wonderland. The Wonderland where she arrives through the rabbit hole itomed. Alice's body continues to grow and shrink and all the things in the new world are unfamiliar to Alice. Alice fails to define herself in whole new world and feels confused because she doesn't know who she is. She even fails to find connection between herself and the weird world. This uncertainty of her identity gets more serious whenever she goes through new events. For example, Pigeon, one of the characters in this story, makes Alice feel very anxious by defining her as a serpent. Alice can't define herself in this new world and it continues when she goes to the court to testify.Finally, when testifying at the court, she recognizes herself and the Wonderland in a right way. At this moment, Alice's body grows again and she finally keeps her body which is of the normal size. It makes her feel convinced of her identity and Alice recognizes that this new world which has been very weird to her is nothing but just a package of cards. All fear, anxiety, and insecure feeling have gone we came to the Wonderland. When Alice comes back to the real world, her attitude toward herself and the world has totally changed, compared to the one which once had existed before Alice went to the Wonderland.This all process of finding Alice's identity is really crucial not only in this story but also in real life, and I think it has some implications. First of all, one's effort is essential to find identity and to have conviction about it. In Alice's case, she never stops struggling to achieve it, and finally succeeds in it. Without this effort, it can never happen for her to have certainty and true understanding of her identity. Secondly, one’s identity has a close relationship with society in which individual is involved. Without the notion of society, to understand one’s identity is not easy, because it is the society that determines individual characteristics and defines relationships between people. In Alice’s case, her identity is insecure and incomplete in the Wonderland. Alicvidual identity is defined in it.I think one’s desire to have conviction of its identity results from one’s desire to be involved in the society. If someone understands its own identity thoroughly, it’s rare to feel insecure and anxious. Conversely, if someone doesn’t fully understand of its existence and identity, it must go through unpleasant feeling such as fear, insecurity, and nervousness. This is exactly the same as the Alice’s case. Alice might desire to fix her identity in the Wonderland, because she wanted to define her existence in that world. That is, she wanted to be involved in it. It’s quite painful to hang around without one’s own fixed identity, because one can’t be confident in front of others without it.There is no doubt that it’s hard to find one’s true identity. However, once you go through this kind of identity crisis and finally find your own identity, you’ll become so strong and stable that you won’t be affected easily by external stimulation. Through all this pr

인문/어학| 2010.04.06| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(315)

아동문학, 이상한 나라의 앨리스, 앨리스, 정체성 위기

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미국과 스웨덴의 복지국가 형태에 대한 비교

스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가 형태에 대한 비교연구조사비교정치의 이해박수헌 교수님2008100768 오현정2009-12-21Ⅰ. 서론Ⅱ. 스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가 형태Ⅱ-ⅰ. 복지국가와 사회보장제도Ⅱ-ⅱ. 스웨덴의 복지국가 형태Ⅱ-ⅲ. 미국의 복지국가 형태Ⅲ. 사회지출유형에 따른 스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가 특성 비교Ⅳ. 사회문화적 배경Ⅴ. 결론[참고문헌]Ⅰ. 서론사회복지는 사회구성원들에게 인간다운 삶을 보장해주는 제도이다. 현대사회에 존재하는 많은 국가들은 다양한 정책을 통해 사회복지를 실현시키고 있는데, 이는 인간다운 삶을 영위할 수 있는 권리가 현대사회에서 필수적임을 보여준다. 하지만 지구상에 존재하는 모든 국가들이 사회복지제도를 도입하고 있는 것은 아니다. 고도의 산업화를 이루어낸 선진국들이 대체로 체계적이고 발달된 사회복지제도를 갖추고 있는 것에 비해, 안정된 경제기반을 갖지 못한 채 중심부에서 멀리 떨어져 있는 국가들은 아직까지도 이를 위해 가야 할 길이 한참 남아있다.이와 같이 산업화의 정도와 사회복지제도의 수준에 비추어 봤을 때, 선진국들은 다른 주변국들과 구별되는 커다란 공통점을 지니고 있다. 하지만 그 이면을 살펴보면 역사적, 문화적, 사회적인 토대에 따라 각 국의 복지체계에 상이한 점들이 존재한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 각 국가들은 사회복지제도를 도입한 시기뿐만 아니라 그것이 변화해 온 과정, 그리고 현재 정착된 복지체계의 성격에 있어서 상당히 큰 차이를 보이는데, 그 중에서도 스웨덴과 미국은 가장 뚜렷이 대비되는 사례이다. 이 두 나라는 사회복지제도에 대한 국민들의 인식에서부터, 정부가 담당하는 역할의 정도, 그리고 사회복지제도가 그 사회에서 갖는 영향력에 이르기까지 다양한 부분에서 상이성을 지닌다. 이는 단순히 한 가지 요인에 의한 것만은 아니며, 그 사회의 다양한 특성이 혼합된 토대 위에서 나타나는 현상이다. 따라서 각 국의 사회보장제도의 특징을 이해하기 위한 노력은 곧 그 사회의 기본적인 토대를 알고자 하는 노력과 맞닿아있다고 할 수 있다.이 두드러진 발전을 보이며, 1970-80년대 세계적인 경제위기로 국가 경제가 침체되어 있을 때에도 신자유주의 입장을 택했던 미국과는 달리 국가 위주의 사회보장제도를 꾸준히 증진시켜나간다. 이러한 스웨덴 복지국가의 노력은 1980년대에 이르러 스웨덴을 가장 성공적이고 모범적인 복지국가의 사례로 꼽히게 하며 열매를 맺게 되었다.스웨덴 복지국가의 가장 큰 특징은 모든 국민들이 평등하게 행복한 삶을 누려야 한다는 인식 위에서 사회보장제도가 발달해왔다는 것이다. 따라서 스웨덴의 복지체계는 소수의 빈민들만을 위한 잔여적, 제한적인 성격의 제도가 아니라 사회 구성원 모두를 위한 보편적인 성격의 제도이다. 이는 1932년 사회민주당이 집권할 당시 토대로 삼았던 ‘인민의 집’이라는 개념에서도 드러나는 것인데, ‘인민의 집’이란 ‘어떤 사람이 다른 사람을 경시하거나, 그 희생으로 이득을 얻는 자가 없으며, 강자가 약자를 억압하거나 약탈의 대상으로 하지 않는 좋은 집’이라는 뜻이다. 이는 스웨덴 사회가 지니고 있는 평등주의적인 문화를 엿볼 수 있게 한다.스웨덴 복지국가의 또 다른 특징은 인적 자본에 대한 사회지출을 강조한다는 점이다. Peter H. Lindert(2006: 31-32)에 따르면 스웨덴은 공공 보건, 공공 교육, 재교육, 구직, 공공 영유아 보육 등 인적 자본과 관련된 분야에는 상당히 높은 비율의 지출을 보이지만, 실업보상, 기본 복지지원, 고령자 대상연금 등 소극적인 사회지출에는 큰 관심을 기울이지 않는다. 이는 경제활동을 할 수 없는 이들에게만 최소한의 보장을 해주는 것에서 그치지 않고, 향후 경제활동이 가능한 이들에게까지 좀 더 많은 혜택을 줌으로써 국민들이 노동시장에 적극적으로 참여할 수 있도록 장려하는 스웨덴 복지국가의 특징을 보여준다. 이렇게 스웨덴은 경제활동을 위한 인적자원을 개발하는데 큰 중요성을 두고 노력을 기울여왔기 때문에 높은 수준의 사회보장으로 인한 극단적인 사회지출비용에도 불구하고 경제적으로 큰 어려움을 겪지 않을 수 있었다.마지막으로 스웨덴었다. 하지만 이렇게나마 조금씩 성장해나가던 미국의 사회보장제도는 1970년대 오일쇼크에 의한 경제위기 이후에 완전히 방향을 바꾸게 된다. 미국 국민들은 1970-80년대의 경제위기가 정부의 지나친 개입 때문이라고 믿고 있었고, 따라서 정부의 민간 개입을 최소화해야 한다는 신자유주의가 등장하게 되었다. 이는 1980년 집권한 레이건 행정부가 사회복지지출을 대폭 삭감하고, 복지제도를 점차 축소시켜나갔던 것과 관련된다.미국 복지국가의 큰 특징 중 하나는, 국가가 제공하는 사회복지가 모든 국민들에게 주어지는 보편적인 성격의 제도가 아니라, 선택된 빈민들에게만 주어지는 차별적이고 잔여적인 성격을 띤다는 것이다. 미국의 복지는 주로 가치있는 빈민, 즉 자신의 생계를 이어가기가 불가능한 빈민들에 대해서만 국가의 개입을 허용하는 형태로 이루어져왔다. 이는 개인의 능력과 책임을 중요시하고, 따라서 능력이 있는 개인은 국가의 도움 없이 자신의 생계를 꾸려가야 한다는 풍토가 미국 사회 내에 뿌리 깊게 박혀 있기 때문이다. 따라서 국가에 의해 구호를 받게 되는 빈민은 능력과 책임이 결여되어 있다는 식의 사회적 낙인이 찍히게 되어 있다. 즉 미국의 사회복지제도는, 국민이 누려야 할 당연한 권리 중 하나로 인식되어 온 것이 아니라, 능력이 결여된 소수의 사람들만이 받을 수 있는 제도로 인식되어 온 것이다. 또한 미국 사회복지체계에서 국가의 공적인 역할이 이렇게 작기 때문에, 사회 구성원들은 자연스레 민간단체에 구호를 요청하고 의존할 수밖에 없게 된다. 따라서 미국은 공적인 영역보다 민간영역에 의한 복지가 발전된 성향을 보인다.Ⅲ. 사회지출유형에 따른 스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가 특성 비교사회복지지출이란 “복지에 악영향을 미치는 특정한 환경에 처해있는 가구 또는 개인이 공공 또는 민간 기관으로부터 수령하는 급여와 재정적 지원으로, 특정 재화나 용역에 대한 직접 지급이나 개별 계약 또는 이전을 포함하지 아니함”을 의미한다. 경제협력개발기구가 개발한 사회복지지출 데이터베이스(SOCX)는 이러(총 연금 대비, %)민간의료비(총 의료비 대비, %)스웨덴67미국2157OECD 평균1322자료: G. Esping-Andersen(1990: 70-71); 김흥종, 신정완, 이상호(2006: 181)에서 재인용, 정리.는 1980년 스웨덴과 미국 복지국가에서 민간기관이 담당했던 역할의 정도를 보여준다. 스웨덴의 경우 총 연금에서 민간연금이 차지하는 비율은 6%이며 이는 OECD 평균보다 두 배 정도 낮은 수준이고, 총 의료비에서 민간의료비가 차지하는 비율은 7%로 이는 OECD 평균보다 세 배 정도 낮은 수준이다. 반면에 미국의 경우 총 연금에서 민간연금이 차지하는 비율은 21%로 이는 스웨덴의 경우보다 세 배 이상 높은 수준이며, 총 의료비에서 민간의료비가 차지하는 비율은 57%로 이는 스웨덴의 경우보다 무려 8배 이상 높은 수준이다. 이를 통해서 스웨덴 복지국가에서는 민간기관이 아닌 국가에서 적극적으로 사회보장에 대한 개입을 시도하고, 국민들은 국가에 의존하여 개인의 기초적인 문제들을 해결했음을 추측할 수 있다. 반면에 미국의 경우에는 스웨덴에 비교해봤을 때 사회보장에 있어서 민간기관에 의존하는 성향이 더 강한 것을 발견할 수 있다. 특히 의료비 같은 경우는 국가보다 민간기관에서 더 많은 부분을 담당하고 있다. 이러한 스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가 특징은 현재까지도 이어져오고 있다. 2003년 사회복지지출의 구성 (GDP 대비, %)공공사회지출연금노동연령인구에 대한 소득이전보건서비스사회서비스스웨덴31.38.08.06.87.1미국16.26.22.20.96.7OECD평균20.77.15.02.15.9자료: OECD(2006), Social Expenditure database, 1980~2003 (www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure).에 의하면 2003년 스웨덴의 GDP대비 공공사회지출은 31.3%로 OECD 가입국들의 평균인 20.7%보다 한참 웃도는 반면에 미국의 GDP대비 공공사회지출은 16.2%로 이보다 한참 낮은 수준이다. 또치원/ 타깃이 된 프로그램/ Head Start에 제한부모부담금없음거의 부모 기여자료: OECD(2005), Country Background Reports; 이성희(2008: 101)에서 재인용, 정리도 역시 스웨덴과 미국의 보육환경이 지닌 공공성의 수준을 보여준다. 각 국의 아동에 대한 GDP 대비 공공지출 비율을 보면 스웨덴이 1.7%, 미국이 0.48%로 스웨덴이 미국보다 세 배 이상 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 스웨덴에서는 이러한 공공지출이 아동보육서비스의 주요 기금으로 사용이 되며 부모가 아동을 보육하기 위해 부담하는 금액은 없다. 반면에 미국에서 이러한 공공지출은 공공유치원이나 타깃이 된 프로그램 등에만 제한적으로 쓰여지며, 부모는 아동을 보육하는 데 필요한 비용의 거의 대부분을 부담해야 한다. 따라서 스웨덴이 미국보다 보육에 있어서 더 높은 수준의 복지를 제공하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다.요약하자면 스웨덴은 사회보장제도에 관하여 국가의 개입 정도가 상당히 높으며, 국민이 시장경제에 적극적으로 참가할 수 있도록 국가가 앞장서는 성향을 보인다. 반면에 미국은 사회보장제도에 있어서 국가의 개입 정도가 스웨덴에 비해 상당히 낮으며, 이런 점을 시장과 사적인 단체에 의해 보완하려는 성향을 보인다. 따라서 스웨덴의 사회문제들은 대부분 국가를 통해서 해결되는 반면에 미국에서는 대부분 이러한 문제의 해결이 개인의 능력과 책임 여하에 달리게 된다.Ⅳ. 사회문화적 배경그렇다면 스웨덴과 미국 복지국가가 지니고 있는 이러한 이질적인 특성들은 과연 어떤 요소들로부터 비롯된 것인지 의문점을 제기해볼 수 있다. 여기서는 이러한 의문점을 해결하기 위해, 복지국가의 성격과 사회문화적 배경의 연관성을 규명한 연구들을 간략하게 살펴볼 것이다.박병현(2005)에 따르면 스웨덴과 미국의 복지국가가 지닌 이러한 이질성은 각 사회가 지닌 문화적인 토대 위에서 이해될 수 있다. 그에 따르면 각 국의 사회보장제도의 성격에 영향을 준 것은 스웨덴 사회의 평등주의적인 문화와 미국 사회의 개GE 9

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복지국가, 비교정치, 복지국가 비교, 미국 복지국가, 스웨덴 복지국가

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Presidents of south korea

Korean PoliticsProfessor Kwon.오현정2009.09.15[1] List of Presidents of the Republic of Korea (1948-present)1. Rhee Syng-man (이승만) - First Republic1) Name: Syngman Rhee2) Period: July 24, 1948 – April 26, 19603) Presidential Election: The investiture of the Rhee government followed the general election of May 10, 1948. Throughout his rule, Rhee sought to take additional steps to cement his control of government. These began in 1952 (shortly after being elected to a second term). In May of that year, Rhee pushed through constitutional amendments which made the presidency a directly-elected position. Rhee's prospects for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 initially seemed dim. Public disillusionment regarding his attempt to seek a third term was growing, and the main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew immense crowds during his campaign. Shin's sudden death while on the campaign trail, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease. In 1960, Rhee assured his fourthly gained power and the Second Republic was established. The revised constitution dictated the Second Republic to take the form of a parliamentary cabinet system where the President took only a nominal role. This was the first and the only instance South Korea turned to a cabinet system instead of a presidential system. Yun Po Sun was elected as the President on August 13, 1960. The prime minister and head of government was Chang Myon.5) Political Party: Democratic Party → New Democratic Party6) Power: Yun Bo-seon was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime. After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962.Interval) Prime Minister Park Chung-hee (박정희) - March 22, 1962 ~ December 17, 19633. Park Chung-hee (박정희) – Third and Fourth Republic1) Name: Park Chung-hee2) Period: December 17, 1963 – October 26, 19793) Presidentic, it also saw continued dramatic economic growth, following the government's five-year plans. The government invested heavily in heavy industries.- International Relations: The Third Republic saw South Korea begin to take a more confident role in international relations. Relations with Japan were normalized in an agreement ratified on August 14, 1965. The government continued its close ties with the United States, and continued to receive large amounts of aid. A status of forces agreement was concluded in 1965, clarifying the legal situation of the US forces stationed there. Soon thereafter, Korea joined the Vietnam War, eventually sending a total of 300,000 soldiers to fight alongside the US. During the Fourth Republic, a variety of events in international diplomacy led the Park regime to reconsider its diplomatic position. Notable here was the normalization of US diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China, which cast doubt on South Korea's ability to count on Cold War backeven-year term, and Chun did not attempt to amend the document so he could run for reelection in 1987.6. Roh Tae-woo (노태우) – Sixth Republic1) Name: Roh Tae-woo2) Period: February 25, 1988 - February 24, 19933) Presidential Election: In June 1987, Chun named Roh as the presidential candidate of the ruling Democratic Justice Party. This was widely perceived as handing Roh the presidency, and triggered large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987.In response, Roh made a speech on June 29 promising a wide program of reforms. Chief among them were a new, more democratic constitution and popular election of the president. In the election, the two leading opposition figures, Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents), were unable to overcome their differences and split the vote. This enabled Roh to win by a narrow margin and become the country's first democratically elected president by popular vote.4) Political Party: Democratic Justice → Democratin 1998, it grew 10.2 percent in 1999. In effect, his policies were to make for a fairer market by holding the powerful chaebol (conglomerates) accountable, e.g., greater transparency in accounting practices. State subsidies to large corporations were dramatically cut or dropped.- North Korea policy: His policy of engagement with North Korea has been termed the Sunshine Policy. He moved to begin detente with the totalitarian regime in North Korea, which culminated in a historic summit meeting in 2000 in Pyongyang with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. This began a now decade-old process of frustrating, but continuing direct contact with Pyongyang. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for these efforts. After the 2000 Summit, the historic event was tainted to a degree by revelations that at least several hundred million dollars had been paid to Pyongyang. The payment does not destroy the value of the dramatic breakthrough negotiation. The North Korean leader, however, never kept his promiarty

사회과학| 2010.04.06| 9페이지| 1,000원| 조회(166)

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