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[영어 영화감상문] The Lobotomist (심리학, 심리학 관련 다큐멘터리)

Project 2 – The LobotomistLobotomy is a medical surgery which was invented by Dr. Walter J. Freeman in prospect of curing severe mental illnesses such as depression, aggressive behaviors, and so on. Prior to Freeman’s invention of lobotomy, there was a study of a Portuguese neurosurgeon named Egas Moniz who thought that mental illnesses were caused by fixed ideas and the fixed ideas were located in the brain’s frontal lobe. Moniz found out that people whose frontal lobes had been injured were less prone to anxiety and depression. He performed a surgery to remove a small part, which he believed was a fixed idea, from mentally ill patients’ frontal lobe and observed that the patients’ behaviors changed in a positive way. Inspired by Moniz, Dr. Freeman, an ambitious neurologist who always wanted to solve problems of psychiatry and find the locus of mental illness, invented lobotomy. The main idea of lobotomy was to cut the strands of nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the thalamus, which Freeman viewed as the seed of human emotions. The procedure of lobotomy in brief involves a long needle, or an ice pick as Dr. Freeman first used, and the insertion of the needle into the frontal lobe of a patient’s brain through his or her eye sockets. It could be learned and done very easily and quickly; therefore, for several decades in the 20th century the lobotomy has been practiced throughout the whole nation. Patients who received the surgery seemed a lot calmer, but they seemed to have lost some physical and mental functions in that many of them relapsed after the surgery and started acting like a child or some of them even died.By the time Dr. Freeman first started working as a neurologist at St. Elizabeth hospital in 1924, most of the state hospitals were considered a dumping ground for the mentally-ill which warehoused those who needed long-term institutionalization. It was the time when nobody cared for the mentally-ill and tried to come up with a way to relieve or cure the mental illnesses. Some might have felt the need but wouldn’t do something about it. That is when Dr. Freeman, who felt the need for a new cure for mental illnesses and was willing to act, invented lobotomy and started performing as many lobotomies as he could. Given the social circumstances, it is no wonder that Freeman’s ice-pick surgery became such a magical cure that relieved individual’s mental and financial burden as well as state’s burden. Not only did the lobotomy become a bit hit in the medical scene of the time, but also Dr. Freeman became a medical celebrity and he definitely enjoyed being one. However, Dr. Freeman soon faced a lot of criticism about the lobotomy and Dr. Freeman himself, mostly because of the brutality and danger of lobotomy’s procedure. Moreover, Dr. Freeman was so absorbed in the fascination of performing the surgery that he often ignored others’ concerns and didn’t even bother to get permission from the patient or patient’s family and to consult nurses.In the mid 1950’s, the infamous glory of lobotomy finally came to meet an end when the first long-term clinical studies of lobotomy and pharmaceuticals started to appear. To Freeman’s disappointment, there were no longer a lot of demands for lobotomy. Lobotomy is still performed today, but it is often a rare case. Although Dr. Freeman’s ambition to cure mental illnesses evoked a number of controversies in terms of its untested and unethical nature, I think this film, The Lobotomy, did a great job in describing the lobotomy itself and the history and behind-story of it which could function as a cautionary tale to all of us who are studying Psychology and planning to pursue their career in medical practice. Moreover, I think his passion to do something for distressed people described in the film is worth watching.

독후감/창작| 2011.12.11| 2페이지| 1,000원| 조회(200)

심리학, 영화 감상문, 영어 에세이, 영어 감상문, 심리학 영화 감상문

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[영어독후감] Inside: Life Behind Bars in America (범죄학, 교도소, 법)

Book Review – Inside: Life Behind Bars in AmericaAs I have been taking several corrections classes, one of the themes that almost every professor would stress either explicitly or implicitly was how many researches on prison failed to represent the real stories of people who actually live behind bars. Luckily enough, I had those professors who would bring up the issue and also had many opportunities to listen to some guest speakers who are actual convicts, visit correctional facilities, and read insightful books that address important themes in corrections field and “Inside: Life Behind Bars in America” was one of them.The author of this book is a prisoner himself who was convicted of crimes related to distribution of cocaine in 1987 and sentenced to 45 years in prison although there was no violence or weapons involved and he has never arrested before. Later, his sentence was reduced to 26 years due to the law change. What is different about him from other average prisoners is that he te descriptions and realistic conversations.First of all, Santos emphasized the importance of rewards and incentives rather than violence in shaping behaviors of prisoners. The method that correctional officers often use is to threaten prisoners to punish them by taking away their privileges or sending them to the hole. Otherwise, officers do employ violence as a punishment tool. Incidents of violence could be either verbal or physical both in a direct and indirect way. For instance, prison guards fired a gun twice and also a Taser gun at a guy named Castillo because he refused to hand his food tray through the trapdoor to the guards. Furthermore, the guards came into his cell and beat Castillo unconscious with the gas gun and when he regained his consciousness they knocked his head with a baton unconscious again. Santos goes on to say Castillo is not the only one who was treated with excessive force by prison guards. Other than Castillo’s incident, there were Martinez who was restrainshment” just like anyone in capitalistic society would do. Moreover, administrators should use incentives not as a tool of making inmates do what they want them to do, but as to introduce them a new way of life which can be also applied to their life outside and help them get used to it upon release. That is, incentives shouldn’t be used in a sense of Skinner box, behavioral science. Correctional officers should always keep in mind that inmates are just fellow human beings who have rights.Second, Santos highlights that it is the prison system which encourages “life-inside mentality.” Establishing life-inside mentality starts from the moment when inmates step in the prison. Cuffed hands and feet and strip search are enough to degrade inmates’ self-concept. In prison those who commit themselves to criminal values and never hesitate to attack other inmates if needed gain more power and respect than those who work on the preparation for release like the author.KooKoo was one of the guys wh Inmates get to associate with a certain group and share everything with them such as language, values, and meanings. Therefore, even after release inmates’ reference group is often the prison gang he associated with while he was in prison and the values and meaning he shared with his gang members still affect his life outside the prison. If inmates cannot give up on the life-inside mentality and move on to try to acquire a new mindset necessary upon release, they would probably fail to adjust themselves to society and end up in prison again.Third, prison systems force uniformity and conformity on inmates and never allow them to have control over their own lives. The author, Santos, received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in penitentiary since the warden Luther encouraged him and other inmates to pursue learning. After new warden replaced Luther’s spot, however, Santos was banned from studying for his doctoral degree. It was because the new warden’s belief in governing the instituttil he received 6-year sentence at his age 29. When he began serving the sentence, he decided to take classes to get GED and a college degree for his future after release. After spending the first year of his sentence, his case manager decided to send him to the minimum security. Since Prince had a plan to prepare himself to be a more competent worker in the job market, he needed to stay in the medium security where he could receive proper trainings and take the skills-development program. However hard he tried to persuade his case manager, all he got in return was the cold shoulder often accompanied with the statements such as “There are plenty of people outside who can’t take college classes and don’t break the law. I’m not keeping you in here just because you want to go to school.” Prison policies often put the institution’s values as a whole before each inmate’s individualities and rights. Emphasis on uniformity and conformity may have its merit in that it makes it easier to controy.

독후감/창작| 2011.12.11| 5페이지| 1,500원| 조회(119)

법, 범죄학, 교정, 영어독후감, Inside: Life Behind

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[영어독후감] Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing by Ted Conover (교도소, 교도관 관련)

Book review – Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing by Ted ConoverThe author of “Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing,” Ted Conover, is well-known for his work as an experiential journalist, who has published a number of books regarding his firsthand experiences with American society’s subcultures. This book, Newjack, is also the one Conover wrote after working as a correctional officer at Sing Sing for a year. Newjack is an inmate’s slang for a newly trained correctional officer. Similar to his previous works, “Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing” also started with Conover’s passion about observational journalism. Due to repeated refusals to cooperate by the New York State Department of Correctional Services, Conover finally decided to become a correctional officer himself to learn more about the New York’s correctional system. Through his experience as a correctional officer at the second-oldest and the second-largest prison in the United States, Conover tries to offer readers a new look on the life of correctwrong about them; however, it is also true that correctional officers have not been explored as often as inmates have. In addition, many existing fictions and non-fictions written by convicts or ex-convicts depict correctional officers as one-dimensional characters, rather than looking into the interactions of many factors that lie in the heart of prison life and the process and context beyond one’s personality.As the one with firsthand, real-life experience of prison life, Conover did a great job in conveying the theme often overlooked by the general public, which is an exploration of the complex dynamics of correctional work beyond the stereotype of the brutal guard. Conover also emphasizes that there is a remarkable gap between what they learn during the training process and what they actually experience doing their job. He could describe this matter very thoroughly since as a new officer he also experienced the confusion and conflict between his own personality and emerging working21).Ted Conover’s Emerging Working PersonalityAs a first-time passionate correctional officer, Conover felt strongly about everything written in Standards of Inmate Behavior and he tried to stick to it under any circumstances. He would write up any behaviors that go astray from the standardized behaviors stated in Standards of Inmate Behavior. For example, one day during pat-frisks and random cell searches Conover found an electric heating element, which seemed to be used for cooking in a cell. He gathered that this could be used for the purpose that would threaten the safety of prison and inmates. He was very proud of his finding and finished his Misbehavior Report. When he came back to the office, however, the contraband he found was already gone and Conover found out that another officer had given it back to the inmate. The reason why the other officer gave the coil back to an inmate was because the inmate was a good guy and he seemed to be vegetarian. Not many reasons were requiredme to time correctional officers feel an urge to harm an inmate when “inmates taunt us[them], strike us[them], humiliate us[them]” and still they are “supposed to do nothing but stand there and take it” after all they have been through (p. 282). One day, an incident where Conover couldn’t help but get involved in the use of violence against an inmate happened. On the first day Conover started working at Psychiatric Satellite Unit (PSU) of Sing Sing, he had to escort the lockdown inmates to a conference room for their interviews. Among the tricky lockdown inmates was Massey. Even though the interview was over, Massey didn’t seem to get moving even after several requests of the psychiatrist. When he finally stood up and made his way back to his cell, something strange happened; Massey turned right toward the central gate when he was supposed to go straight. Although Conover and another officer, Birch, ordered him to go back to his cell, he didn’t seem willing to comply. At that moment, Bn their personal lives can set them off or lead them to mental breakdown. There is a prison saying that “leave it at the gate” which tells you to not let the stress at work affect your personal life (p. 242). However, this is not always the case. For example, one day Conover had to babysit his kids for two hours until his wife come back home from work. When his three-year-old son went out of his control like any three-year-old kids would do, something triggered his inner stress and anger off. In a second, he might have matched his little son with the disrespectful inmates. Conover spanked his son.If I were to rate whether inmates need to be protected from the “working personality” of a Sing Sing Officer, I would give 6 on a scale from 1 to 10 with 10 being the greatest need for protection. After reading Newjack by Ted Conover, for the first time I had a chance to look at life in prison from a correctional officer’s point of view. Although correctional officers play a very important rols.

독후감/창작| 2011.12.11| 5페이지| 1,500원| 조회(193)

법, 범죄학, 영어에세이, 교도소, 영어독후감, 교도관

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[영어에세이] 대형 교도소에 대한 찬반 (for and against penitentiary system)

Describe our move towards penitentiary—develop an argument for and against the promises and practices of penitentiary?The social atmosphere by the time penitentiaries first made its way to coming into bud was a combination of social optimism and a sense of fear followed by the expansion of cities and growing populations in the cities. During this time, crime and vice has gotten more rampant in the cities. Therefore, crime was attributed to disorganized and poor city environment. A corrupted community is a major source of temptations into committing crime and thus individuals who live in such morally weakened environment are more likely to fall into temptations of crime. Due to the progress in medical field, people started to view crime as a moral disease which can be cured. This idea of crime as an infectious disease is advanced by Dr. Benjamin Rush. The development of penitentiaries was also based on the idea of crime as a moral disease. Unlike the form of imprisonment from the earlier days was an alternative to death and other corporal punishment, the penitentiaries were to cure moral disease of offenders and help them return to good moral health. There were two major pillars of penitentiary system: Pennsylvania system and Auburn system. Pennsylvania system emphasized uninterrupted solitary confinement in silence and isolation. On the other hand, Auburn system opposed to total solitary confinement due to its negative effect on offenders’ physical and psychological health and advocated silent association. Under Auburn system, inmates were expected to work together in silence and go back to solitary confinement at night. Despite the differences of operative systems, both Pennsylvania and Auburn system emphasized the importance of rules of order, silence, routine, and mandatory labor. Although the advocates of penitentiaries advertised more humane treatment, in reality almost the same harsh corporal punishments that used to be usual in earlier colonial America were often employed. Moreover, penitentiaries systems turned out to have little positive effect on reducing recidivism rate. Due to its emphasis on costly solitary confinement, penitentiary system could not help but face the reality of overcrowding, deleterious effects to inmates’ mental health, and administrative corruption.

사회과학| 2011.12.11| 2페이지| 1,000원| 조회(117)

범죄학, 교정, 교도소, 교화, criminology, 형벌학, Correction..

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[영어에세이] 범죄 관련 소문은 어떻게 만들어지는가 (how myths are created)

Due to the presence of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, myths, it is very hard to gain accurate and meaningful information about crime, criminal justice system, and corrections. Although myths are not necessarily false, the nature of myths is the distortion of truth, such that they exaggerate or simplify the truth. The process in which myths are created, packaged, and sold can only be understood in terms of social context because myths are a product of social, economic, political atmosphere of a time.

사회과학| 2011.12.11| 2페이지| 1,000원| 조회(110)

범죄학, 교정, 교도소, 교화, criminology, 형벌학, Correction..

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