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William Percy’s Noblesse Oblige and Sympathy for African Americans

William Percy’s Noblesse Oblige and Sympathy for African AmericansPeople are usually praised when they help others, especially those in need. When close friends are in trouble, one can willingly help them without categorizing them or examining their hereditary characteristics or backgrounds. Likewise, when certain groups of people are in need, it would be better to provide help than to attack or ignore them. However, if those people are categorized by certain invisible traits and generalized into a distinct group innately needing help and care, could this help be free from the blame of discrimination? One of the deepest and fearful kinds of discrimination would be racism. Walker Percy in the introduction of Lanterns on the Levee asks, “is it a bad thing for a man to believe that his position in society entails a certain responsibility toward others? Or is it a bad thing to care like a father for his servants?...It might beat welfare.” Walker Percy, while partly admitting that William Ais quotation shows the rationale for slavery at the time of the War, and it was the reason still used by Percy, seventy-six years later, in his perception of race.In Lanterns on the Levee, Percy states the need to care for the poor Negroes, although he obviously thinks it to be a burden to white people of the South:To live habitually as a superior among inferiors, be the superiority intellectual or economic, is a temptation to dishonesty and hubris, inevitably deteriorating. To live among a people who, because of their needs, one must in common decency protect and defend is a sore burden in a world where one’s own troubles are about all any life can shoulder.Further, long before this statement, Percy clearly identifies with the idea of slaves as property describing that a library is “as portable as slave.” What Percy, and the majority of the Southern aristocrats who came before him, failed to recognize – or chose to ignore - was just how miserable life was as a slave, considered as a pthe use of state and local legislation. That is, they enacted laws and ordinances that affected key issues like black voting rights, where black people could live and what type of property they could own. The former Slave Codes developed into Black Codes that strictly regulated the movement of black people; the first of the Black Codes passed in Texas immediately following the war. Southern leaders failed to believe that black people would work unless forced into labor.Here, again seventy-six years later, a belief that was current – and held deeply – by Percy, “None of them feels that work per se is good; it is only a means to idleness...The theory of the white man, no matter what his practice, is the reverse; he feels that work is good…” Percy also criticizes Negroes for refusing to work while white men, including himself, “served you [Negroes] with our money and our brains and our strength…no one of us received one penny…During all this time you Negroes did nothing, nothing for yourss, Percy continues to harken back to the days of the aristocracy, bemoaning the missed values of the past, “We of my generation have lost one line of fortifications after another, the Old South, the old ideals, the old strengths.” What was lost of the old South that should not be lost? What are the ideals that Percy believes have gone? As described by Kenneth Stampp, in The Peculiar Institution, the tragedy of the South, Percy’s tragedy, did not “begin with the ordeal of Reconstruction, or with the agony of civil war, but with the growth of a “peculiar institution” (as they called it) in ante-bellum days.” The tragedy of the South began when chattel slavery first occurred. At that point, this institution of peculiarity, of human misery destined to bring down the South, became the heart of the Old South. It is this peculiar institution that results in the misrepresentation of the ‘noblesse oblige’ of Percy and his sympathetic Southern aristocracy.Percy, the Southern aristocracy of his p those of his companion aristocracy. William Percy is extremely melancholy in his autobiography; and, although he loves the Old South that he laments losing, he loves returning to Greenville after traveling. Yet, in the chapter titled The Return of the Native, he rails a bit at coming back after traveling and living elsewhere for eight years.Like the whole of his southern aristocracy seemed to be, Percy clung to the past. He clung to place of no-growth, and misrepresented philosophy, rather than truly live to the stoic philosophy that runs throughout his writings. It is true that Percy writes with extensive use of metaphors some of which are beautiful and truly poetic. According to Holdsworth, the ‘levee’ may serve as a metaphor for tradition, and the ‘lanterns’ represent Percy’s own recollections. There are a myriad of other metaphors that flow through his writing. His writing style is descriptive, but the final accolade of Percy’s autobiography is not that this work should be revered

인문/어학| 2013.11.18| 13페이지| 20,000원| 조회(75)

Noblesse Oblige, African Americans, Lanter..

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William Alexander Percy : Lanterns on the Levee

William Alexander Percy was a lawyer, poet and planter who hailed from Greenville Mississippi. His father was the last senator from in Mississippi to be elected by the legislature. In a way, Percy’s life was full and controversial. He championed for the rights of Catholics despite the fact that he was gay. He did this in a state that was largely protestant and was always motivated by his French mother who was Roman Catholic. He published an autobiography Lanterns on the Levee which became a bestseller in the country. In this autobiography, he addressed many issues pertaining to his life, his home state and the general situation around him at during the time he lived in Mississippi. Indeed, Percy’s exposure to African American suffering and his family background greatly influenced his way of thinking.Percy was educated at the Episcopal University located at the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He went to Paris where he spent close to one year before coming back to America. Thereafter, he ennt to Japan. This particular event was an indication of Percy’s way of thinking and perception of the African Americans. His idea to transfer these people to Vicksburg was essentially to reduce their suffering. However, the thought was not popular among the white people in Greenville.Percy greatly felt that the suffering of the blacks during the floods had to be addressed. His ideas were a clear demonstration of how the floods in 1927 affected many blacks in the south. While there was a general feeling that these people had to be evacuated, the locals were much concerned about their presence and totally opposed the idea. Percy had a very strong attachment to his home and family. This explains why after his travels across Europe he went back to his place of birth Greenville instead of settling elsewhere. His family loved his but was always dismayed by some of his ideas regarding many issues.During this time, the political situation in the United States was very charged and Percy loved tre not aligned to his ideas and could not therefore offer support.However, he remained resilient and confident in his undertakings. In the memoirs, it is seen that African Americans in the south faced a lot of racism and there was always a lot of paternalism towards them. The outright racism was a core subject at the time and in a way, the views of Percy seem to be much pervasive of the south. To Percy, blacks essentially needed a good life even if not equal to that lived by whites. The suffering of black people in Greenville did not always impress him. He expressed his dissatisfaction through his poems and book Percy is very consistent and rationalized in his account of the era in which he grew up.Percy’s life and works present a very interesting relationship between whites and blacks in Mississippi during his time. His family was always very courageous in its fight against the KKK and the role of Percy in the floods further shows his relationship with the blacks. For instance his fat American community in the Washington County had much trust in the Percy family. His father as a senator had attempted to win their trust and managed. As a result, Percy was charged with a very daunting responsibility to win back the trust of this community by campaigning for their rights which were always at stake. This was basically a major challenge on his part since the people in the society ware totally unconcerned about such issues. Many people did not share the same idea about the need to limit the suffering of the blacks.Therefore to the outside observers Percy was essentially an apologist of the racial order which existed in the south during his lifetime. He was a sexual liberationist which perhaps explains why he never married. His views on sexual orientation are expressed in his book where he strongly feels that people should be free on issues of sex. His ideas in this regard made many people to believe that he was gay. In addition, he was a cultural relativist and a white sips continuously docked and were unloaded with goods. Many white families in the area were very wealthy thanks to the free labour provided by the many African Americans who worked on their cotton farms.While Percy was always much independent and controversial in most of his thoughts and ideas, he still shared much with people in his aristocratic class. His family was rich like most white families and they still depended on the African Americans for labour on their farms. Class superiority, conceit and prejudice were some of the many issues which characterized his town Greenville and most of the Mississippi Delta. More importantly, it is realized that the Mississippi Delta was one of the most integral parts of the United States given its huge cotton production and the race situation which transpired around this time.It is further important to note that the lineage and pedigree of Percy further played an important role in his identity. This was common in many white people and families at76.

인문/어학| 2013.11.18| 10페이지| 6,000원| 조회(60)

The South, William Alexander Pe, Lanterns ..

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Roman Women: Their Aspirations and Power

Social laws that limited women’s roles in society were instituted in ancient Rome in order to maintain the patriarchal family structure. Female family members remained at home to learn house chores and make clothing while a few, based on their wealth, became influential community members. Those who attained powerful positions were consorts of successful monarchs who lived to inspire communities as role models. This creates a pattern worthy of examining based on certain contrasts arising within various roles that women played in ancient Rome. Did Roman women have their own aspirations and dreams towards the welfare of the Roman Empire? Limiting a woman’s role creates inferiority complexes, which in early Rome appeared normal but experienced a fair share of influential women such as Hortensia. Does this mean Roman women were incapable of contributing to society at the same level as men? Great women orators and poets forged their way out of the repressing Roman patriarchs, which turned theducation which liberated their poetic art, meant to protect Roman values and propagate the Romanic history.The Roman political system accorded women their right to citizenship but limited their role in political decision making as epitomized through electoral voting or holding of political offices. This limited role in politics established reasons behind a few of the Roman women who made breakthroughs into public life and the domination from men regardless of their incapacities to rule or make the right decision at times. The limited political clamors did not eliminate the resilience of some women whose influential roles in indirect political activism were because of wealth or affiliation to powerful families.The political influence felt by the rise of Cornelia Africana highlights the role of virtuousness in creating stable and respected political systems. Cornelia’s widowed status did not kill her endeavor to educate here children while refusing King Ptolemy’s marriage proposal. Her senseless and greedy political disputes between men or civil wars, speaking ironically, “you say that you are re-establishing the republic!” Hortensia’s oratory, which succeeded in persuading the triumvirs, clearly exhibits women’s power in politics as well as in the family.The rise of Fulvia Flacca in the Roman political society is hallmarked by her stature as an aristocratic woman. Fulvia gained political power through her three marriages to politically influential men during the late Roman Republic. Gaius Scribonius, Publius Clodius, and Mark Antony were tribunes whose support of Julius Caesar placed them at the realm of political power. Their marriage of Fulvia at different times consolidate their careers based on Fulvia’s political activities and ambitions. Marriage to Mark Antony consolidated Fulvia’s political influence and augmented her participation in the 41-40BC Perusine War and her image’s roman coins engraving. The rise of Mark Antony is singled out as a direct associationMiletus’ escaping the advancing Gauls. The participation in the arts is also regarded as propagation of Roman cultural practices citing Anyte’s role in sending a healing message to Phalysius who was suffering from an eye disease. This is a favor of Phalysius building the healing god Ascelpius a shrine in Naupactus. The portrayals of poetic works through inscriptions or as epideictic reveal that Romans presented their artistic work using various styles depending on a genre. Anyte advances her creativity through the dedicatory, conventional epigrammatic genres, and funeral poems that exemplify actual occurrences. The portrayal of Hellenistic poetry is also evident in Anyte’s poetic style perpetuated in her use of animal epitaphs and pastoral landscapes. The use of Epic, Atticism, and Doric as artificial literary dialects adds to the richness of Roman poetry, which is Hellenistic in nature. The mixed forms of the artificial literary dialects also add to the allusive nature of Anyte’s arti as the pinnacle of successful businesspersons. The making of clothing was itself an art dominated by women making them pivotal in protecting a family’s welfare. As explained in Anyte’s poetic narrations, the repression of women in Roman society did not eliminate their will to change society, which anchors the modern era where women have active political appointments and participate with men as equals.Repression of women in early roman history does not impede their participation entirely. Their confinement to running homes and raising children acts as a pedestal to their indirect roles in the Roman society citing their participation in political decisions and intrigue to their leading roles in certain forms of art. The limited role in political participation on a populist level as their male counterparts does not impede their political advice toward their emperor men or children. This is observed through widowed Cornelia’s pursuit in educating her children and later perpetuating her po

인문/어학| 2013.11.18| 8페이지| 10,000원| 조회(83)

Roman History, roman women, Their Aspirati..

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The Irony of the ‘Creation’ of Symbolism in Western Modern Art - Picasso

The Irony of the ‘Creation’ of Symbolism in Western Modern Art.Much of the existing scholarship produced to date about Picasso’s work centres on his formal innovations and his contribution towards the new sub-genre of cubism. While this is undoubtedly of great import to the history and development of modern art, the fact that he was greatly influenced by earlier movements is often overlooked or misinterpreted. The era in Picasso’s career directly preceding that of cubism known as his ‘African Period’ is well documented, but the ways in which this ‘primitivism’ influenced his style in later artworks is understated. In addition, there is much irony to be found from the idea that Picasso, along with other artists from the same period felt that they were working against hegemonic justifications for imperialism by celebrating the “simple” style of ethnic works of art. Antliff and Leighten point out, however, the reference to a less complex and more natural style of cultural production was jder. Like other features of modernism, this theory can equally be applied to the sphere of visual arts. However, any balanced analysis of artworks takes into account all available data, giving due weight to different pieces information as regards their significance to an understanding of the artefacts being studied. An important factor to consider in analysis of any art is the cultural and social climate in which it is conceived and created. The imperial era during which Picasso lived undoubtedly influenced his work as well as that of all artists, either directly or indirectly. During his time in France he became a collector of African artefacts that made their way into the country as a result of colonisation. Although exposure to these pieces influenced his later work in different ways, the direct results can be seen in his work produced during the ‘African Period’ in 1907 – 1909.“Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” is widely regarded as the first example in which the elements of the new genreortrayed are prostitutes, sexualising and degrading the ‘primitive’ races, as well as their aggressive and unashamed poses that further indicate a savage or uncivilized manner.Meaning in art is made in various ways, and a significant one in terms of Picasso’s work relates to the idea of semiotics as discussed by Bois. In his “Semiology of Cubism” his remarks serve to exacerbate the idea of the exploitation of indigenous art by the modernists as he describes Picasso as making use of formal features of African art without analysing the deeper cultural meanings that may be ascribed to them within their original usage. He goes on to describe the way in which Picasso ‘discovered’ his revolutionary ideas about the function of art after studying an African mask that he had purchased.According to the scholar, the Grebo mask demonstrated to Picasso the true nature of art, which should be to symbolise rather than to represent. This idea began with the move away from realism in the nineteenth cencan also be seen as stereotypical, even when we know the subjects to be modelled on European women. “Seated Bather” and “Bather with Beach Ball” are two examples of paintings that portray images of the female from the 1930s. One depicts woman as “predatory [. . .] with great mandibles in place of mouth, evoking [. . .] the vagina dentata”, the other connotes in a differently sexualized manner a figure with large round breasts and stomach which in tandem with the light style of the piece, yet which is still strangely de-humanized, grotesque and unappealing. These elements in themselves demonstrate the way in which Picasso saw women, an analysis that is strengthened by the awareness of the problems he had with women, and the promiscuity that was a notable aspect of his life. The portrayal of women in “La Vie” is another example in which fear, uncertainty, even dread of women is exhibited, especially when the identity of the male figure and his biography as the victim of unrequited love awho created the masks were no doubt aware that they were not creating something that realistically resembled a human face. Instead, they were making use of symbolism in ancient times before the concept entered western art. The boast, then, of modernist artists who claimed to have ‘discovered’ the symbolic function of art is shown to be redundant. Picasso, whose genius is undeniable in modern art is, nevertheless, given credit for an innovation that existed in the artwork of other cultures long before it became a defining feature of the purpose of European art.Scholars disagree as to what means are permissible as evidence in analysis of the meaning of works of art. Nowhere is this more pertinent than in the work of Pablo Picasso whose biography and personal interests have become as noteworthy to the public as his artistic pieces. Interestingly, he consistently denied being influenced by African or other indigenous works of art although they are often present in his work both in terms ofsp

인문/어학| 2013.11.14| 13페이지| 30,000원| 조회(140)

미술, 피카소, symbolism, Picasso

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South Korea Under US Trusteeship: To the Korean War

South Korea Under US Trusteeship: To the Korean WarIt is with no doubt that the US had a significant impact in the rapid industrialization of Korea. This does not come without contrasting interpretations about the remarkable changes that were brought by the States to Korea. However, this does not take the assumption that the Korean society was docile and passive before the coming and influence of the States. In fact, the social changes that are existent in the modern Korean history can be explicitly explained through the dynamic and complex relationship between the civil society and the States. This is due to the dialectic relationship between Korea and the US military government. The US military government had an intense effect in the growth of Korea. It resulted to both social and political changes after the American occupation during the Second World War.After liberation from the Japanese, Korea was occupied and governed by the US military government at the end of the Second World Wf a strong democratic Korean nation. America, therefore, had the hope that there would be cooperation between the three allies upon measures that would be adopted to best serve Korea. The America Korean policy that was developed advocated for a three-stage plan in pursuit of independence. This was allied occupation, international administrative supervision and achieving sovereignty. This plan was approved by the American military leaders stating a clear warning to the States on the repercussions of a possible backing of the Cairo declaration with an armed force. The atomic bomb was decisive in the American Korea policy. The Americans believed that if they forced Japan to a premature surrender through the use of atomic bomb, it would result to a quick end of the war, an action that would then permit the States to enter Korea and avoid the need for trusteeship.According to Truman, the use of the atomic bomb on Japan would provide an avenue of escape from the possible Korean War. It was d this through their vast resources of the state power. It held most of the strong state apparatuses; the police, bureaucracy and military forces in governing Korea in accordance with its purpose. The military forces were implemented, as other coercive resources such as administrative and extractive capacity of the US were rather weak.During the American occupation of Korea, the State power was a transplanted power that attempted to put Korean society under the influence of the States’ national interests. The occupation policies of the military were also an indication and reflection of the purpose of the military and the States in Korea. Other policies included the economic policies; land reform and disposal of vested property were all associated with the goal of the US. The US had realized that this form of property was an essential material for the capitalist system. It also believed that once it managed to hold the vested property until the formation of the Korean government. The govst. This forced them to remain in the Korean land, as they feared the interoperations would have a profound effect on them, US, from the European and the Soviet society. The intentions of the States in Korea were direct and clear as they had raised alarm over the communism in Korean peninsula. This made them participate in the Korean War taking sides as they viewed the war as more of a war between the Soviet Union and themselves. Before the rise of the Korean War, the States had been subjected to vast criticism after the loss of china. China had fallen to the hands of communism. This had created a fear among the States, as they were afraid that communism would vastly spread all over the Asian nations.The American being giants of the communism idea, they ended up dividing Korea into two in an attempt to reduce further spread of communism, further enhancing the rivalry between the States and USSR. Their persistence in curbing down communism was after it had failed in winning them masses,peninsula. The presented end situation can be attributed down to the Korean peninsula. This aspect can be linked with the fact that North Korea has become a focal point of reference due to the rivalry between China and the States. There has been the development of the North Korean crisis response plans by South Korea and China .There were aspects of hostilities by the States and South Korea evidence that there are associations between the US military and the hostilities that were existent in the North Korea. The war as never formally ended to date something that can be attributed by the contrib. Union of external forces something that continued to later periods. Initially, the North and South Korea had similar regimes where there were regular attempts to transform the people through dictatorship to attempt to build a new society.The north was aided by the Soviet Union something that enabled them to be ahead of their rivals in terms of development. The breakthrough occurred in South Kor.

인문/어학| 2013.11.14| 13페이지| 35,000원| 조회(203)

the Korean war, South Korea, Trusteeship

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