Anatomy and Physiology of Gastrointestinal System ⑴ Mouth① Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which aids in digestion② 탄수화물 분해효소: amylase③ 침은 알칼리성: pH 7.0 이상④ mouth에서 저작운동만 하는 것은 아님 ⑵ Esophagus : Collapsible muscular tube ⑶ Stomach① Lower esophageal(cardiac) sphincter - prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus② Pyloric sphincter - Regulates the rate of stomach emptying into small intestine - 중력에 의해 열리는게 아닌 pH의 변화에 의해 열림③ Hydrochloric acid - Kills microorganisms - Breaks food into small particles - Provides a chemical environment that facilitates gastric enzyme activation : pepsin(단백질 분해효소)④ Intrinsic factors come from parietal cells and is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 - 위벽과 ileum 모두 건강해야지만 VitB12 흡수 가능⑤ Gastrin controls gastric acidity - Gastrin: 산 분비 도움 - HistaminⅡ: HCl 분비 촉진 - Prostaglandin: 지방 섭취 시 분비되어 장운동 감소시킴 ⑷ Small intestine① 음식물 소화 및 흡수② 구성: duodenum, jejunum, ileum ⑸ Pancreatic intestinal juice enzymes① Amylase: 탄수화물 분해효소② Trypsin: 단백질 분해효소③ Lipase: 지방 분해효소 ⑹ Large intestine① Absorbs water and eliminates wastes② Intestinal bacteria play a vital role in the synthesis of some vitamin B and vitamin K
Anatomy and Physiology of Endocrine System⑴ Description① Chemical system that functions together with the nervous system as the body’s communication network② Endocrine glands synthesize and secrete chemical substances(hormones) that control and integrate body functions⑵ Characteristics① Secreted in minute amounts② Circulated in the blood③ Regulated by negative feedback systems④ Changes in the plasma concentration of specific substances⑤ Direct autonomic nervous system activity⑥ Circadian rhythms⑶ Endocrine glands and hormones with actionsw Hypothalamus① Releasing hormones: Stimulates release of hormones from pituitary gland② Inhibiting hormones: Inhibits release of hormones from pituitary glandw Pituitary anterior lobe① Growth hormone(GH): Acts directly on bones and other tissues to stimulate growth② Prolactin(PRL): Stimulates development of mammary tissue and lactation
⑴ Major function: produce vision : Light wave → cornea → lens → retina → optic nerve(CN2) → occipital lobe⑵ Cranial nerves of eye① CNⅡ: vision② CNⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅵ: external muscles of eye → eye movement③ CNⅢ: control pupil size⑶ Exterior of eye① Lacrimal glands - Tears secretion to lubricate lids and keep cornea moist - Excess tears drain through lacrimal ducts into nasal cavity② Cornea: nonvascular transparent layer, external coat in front of eye③ Sclera: white, dense connective tissue covering all of eye except cornea④ Canal of schlemm: venous sinus at junction of sclera and cornea⑷ Interior of eye① Iris - Colored portion, central opening → pupil - Contract and relax to control pupil size and amount of light entering eye② Lens: bending ray of light entering through pupil → focuses image accurately on retina③ Aqueous humor, vitreous humor - Liquid act along with lens as refracting media
CH.24 Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive Structures Ovaries(난소) ⑴ Form and expel ova(난자) ⑵ Secrete estrogen & progesterone Fallopian tubes(나팔관) ⑴ Muscular tubes that connected to the uterus ⑵ 연동운동하는 근육관 Uterus(자궁) ⑴ Muscular, pear-shaped cavity in which the fetus develops ⑵ Menstruation 발생 Cervix(자궁경부) : 평소에는 닫혀있다가 월경 시에만 열림 Vagina(=birth canal)(질) ⑴ 약 8~10cm 정도의 길이 ⑵ Rugaes 多 ⑶ Vaginal flora(질내 정상세균총): vaginal PH 낮추는 역할(4.5 ) Male Reproductive Structures Penis : Structures include glans penis(귀두), urethra(요도) Scrotum(음낭) ⑴ Structures include testes(고환: 정자+남성호르몬), epididymis(부고환: 정자보관), vas deferens(정관: 운동성X) ⑵ Slightly cooler than body temperature Prostate gland(전립샘) ⑴ 정액 만드는 곳 ⑵ Secretes a milky alkaline fluid Menstrual Cycle ⑴ Hypothalamus에서 GnRH(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) 분비 ⑵ Anterior Pituitary gland에서 FSH 분비 ① ovary에서 follicle 키움 ② follicle에서 분비되는 estrogen⇧(peak level) ③ estrogen이 endometrium을 growth(성장)시키고 proliferation(증식)시킴 ⑶ FSH 분비 억제되면 anterior pituitary galnd에서 LH 분비 ① LH(luteinizing hormone; 황체형성호르몬)로 인해 ovulation(배란) ② follicle이 배란 후 corpus luteum(황체)으로 변함 ③ Corpus luteum에서 progesterone , estrogen 분비 ④ 수정되면 progesterone & estrogen 분비 유지 ⑤ 수정 안 되면 corpus luteum 퇴화, progesterone & estrogen (lowest level) ⑥ menstruation 발생 ⑷ menstruation 발생하여 FSH 분비 자극