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MRI, X-ray 등 질병 진단 방법과 원리에 대한 발표 자료 입니다.

Diagnostic method Disease diagnosisOrder Diagnostic method 1 – MRI Diagnostic method 2 – X-ray Disease diagnosis 1 - liver disease Disease diagnosis 2 - wilson disease Disease diagnosis 3 - Alzheimer's diseaseDiagnostic method 1 MRI Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to image the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, radio waves, and field gradients to form images of the body. MRI is based upon the science of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). While MRI is most prominently used in diagnostic medicine and biomedical research, it can also be used to form images of non-living objects. MRI scans are capable of producing a variety of chemical and physical data, in addition to detailed spatial images. MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for medical diagnosis, staging of disea. In clinical and research MRI, hydrogen atoms are most-often used to generate a detectable radio-frequency signal that is received by antennas in close proximity to the anatomy being examined. Hydrogen atoms exist naturally in people and other biological organisms in abundance, particularly in water and fat. MRI has proven to be a highly versatile imaging modality.Diagnostic method 2 X-ray X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. X-rays with photon energies above 5–10 keV are called hard X-rays , while those with lower energy are called soft X-rays . Due to their penetrating ability, hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e.g., in medical radiography and airport security. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are sctures, X-rays have been used for medical imaging. The first medical use was less than a month after his paper on the subject . Up until 2010, 5 billion medical imaging studies have been conducted worldwide . Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United StatesDisease 1 Liver Disease There are more than a hundred kinds of liver disease Liver disease can occur through several mechanisms. A common form of liver disease is viral infection. Viral hepatitides such as Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood. High consumption of alcohol can lead to several forms of liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B.Disease diagnosis 1 Liver Disease Blood tests may be used to determine if your liver is functioning properlm of liver disease. These tests are called liver tests. Liver tests contain liver enzyme test and liver function test by immunology test.Disease 2 wilson disease Wilson's disease also called Wilson disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which copper accumulates in tissues; this manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease. It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption or removes the excess copper from the body, but occasionally a liver transplant is required . The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein ( ATP7B ) gene. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years, but cases in much older people have been described.Disease diagnosis 2 wilson disease The diagnosis of Wilson disease is made by relatively simple tests. The tests can diagnose the disease in both symptomatic patients and people who show no signs of the disease. These tests can include: Serum ceruloplasmin tdisease Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as just Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation , mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. About 70% of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved . The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes. Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis .Disease diagnosis 3 Alzheimer's disease While physicians can almost always determine if a person has dementia, it may be difficult to determine the exact cause. Diagnosing Alzheimer's requires careful medical evaluation, including: A thorough mhow}

의/약학| 2019.10.20| 13페이지| 1,000원| 조회(132)

면역학, 생물학, X-Ray, 발표자료, MRI, 질병진단

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알츠하이머에 대한 원인 규명 발표 자료 입니다.

ImmunologyKeywords Alzheimer’s disease Immune checkpoint blockadeIntroduction Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein, and tau protein in the brainIntroduction Immune checkpoint blockade Immune checkpoints are molecules in the immune system that either turn up a signal or turn down a signal. Many cancers protect themselves from the immune system by inhibiting the T cell signal . Selective blockade of immune checkpoints, such as the PD-1 pathway, enhances anti-tumor immunity by mobilizing the immune system.Immune checkpoint blockadeMaterial Method 1 10-month old 5XFAD mice were i.p . injected on day 1 and day 4 with either anti-PD-1 or IgG control aenes show row max in CD45 high CD11b + cells. mRNA expression levels are high at CD45 high CD11b + cells . SRA1 immunoreactivity is high at CD45 high CD11b + cells.Result 2 Higher frequencies of CD45 high CD11b + cells in the brains of 5XFAD mice following PD-1 blockade, relative to IgG-treated 5XFAD and wild-type controls. The CD45 high CD11b + expression included high expression of lymphocyte antigen 6c (Ly6C )Material Method 3 They gave 5XFAD mice an IFN-γ–blocking antibody before administering PD-1 blockade. ☞Enhanced monocyte-derived macrophage trafficking seen after PD-1 blockade was dependent on IFN-γ .Result 3 CD45 high CD11b + cell frequencies are high at Anti-PD-1-treated but low frequencies at injected with IFN-γ–neutralizing antibodies 1 d before PD-1–specific antibody injections. IFN- γ neutralization interfered with mRNA expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( Icam1 ) and chemokine ligand 2 ( Ccl2 ) by the choroid plexus, induced by PD-1 blockade.Material Methodreated with either one or two sessions of PD-1 blockade.Material Method 6 They also examined the effect of PD-1 blockade in another AD model , APP/PS1 mice, which develop Aβ-plaque pathology at a more advanced age than do 5XFAD mice. ☞ PD-1 blockade is both effective in 5XFAD mice and APP/PS1 miceResult 6 PD-1 blockade reduced hippocampal Aβ plaque load in PD-1–treated APP/PS1 mice when compared to IgG-treated controls.conclusion I n the context of neurodegenerative disease, PD-1 blockade evokes a systemic IFN-γ–dependent immune response that enables the mobilization of monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain. PD-1 blockade treatment reduced the cerebral Aβ plaque load in two mouse models of AD in advanced stages of the disease. PD-1 blockade reduces AD pathology and improves memory in 5XFAD and APP/PS1 mice. Repeated treatment sessions were required for maintaining a long-lasting beneficial effect on disease pathology.Back-up slide radial arm water maze (RAWM) task.Back-up slide asty 7 following the first injection for the effect on the systemic immune response. ☞ Systemic IFN-γ immune response in 5XFAD mice following PD-1 blockade, particularly at the choroid plexus.Result 1 IFN- γ– dependent activity induced by PD-1 blockade PD-1 blockade increased splenocyte frequencies of IFN-γ–producing CD4+ T cellsResult 1 Genome wide RNA-sequencing of the choroid plexus revealed an expression profile associated with an IFN-γ–response. mRNA expression levels are high when they inject anti-PD-1 antibodies .Material Method 2 they analyzed myeloid cell populations in the brains of 5XFAD mice at 7 d and 14 d after the first injection of anti–PD-1 by separately sorting CD45 low CD11b + microglia and CD45 high CD11b + cells, which represent mostly infiltrating myeloid cells. Signal transduction of T cell needs CD45 cell expression. ☞ the effect of PD-1 blockade on systemic immunity involves CNS recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages.Result 2 RNA sequence at Ccr2, Ly6c and Srh-old 5XFAD mice with either anti–PD-1 antibody or IgG control, and evaluated the effect of the treatment on spatial learning and memory by using the radial arm water maze (RAWM ) task. ☞Examine the potential impact of PD-1 blockade on AD pathologyResult 4 In day 2-testing, 5XFAD mice that received 1 sessions of PD-1 blockade show lower RAWM numbers of errors than Ig-G treated or untreated mice. repeated treatment sessions are showed to maintain the beneficial effects on cognition and memory.Material Method 5 After behavioral testing, 2 months following treatment initiation, they examined the brains of 5XFAD mice that had received either one or two sessions of PD-1 blockade. ☞ PD-1 blockade treatment reduced the cerebral Aβ plaque load of AD.Result 5 Aβ clearance was more pronounced after two sessions of PD-1 blockade than after a single session, and both mouse groups had reduced plaque load relative to untreated or IgG-treated 5XFAD mice. GFAP immunoreactivity , was reduced in the 5XFhow}

의/약학| 2019.10.20| 24페이지| 1,500원| 조회(99)

면역학, 생물학, 알츠하이머, 발표자료

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ADHD에 대한 개념, 증상, 치료 방법등에 대한 발표 자료 입니다.

* Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPsychiatric disorder of the neurodevelopmental typeSignificant problems of attention, hyperactivity, or acting impulsivelyMust begin by age six to twelve and persist for more than six months for a diagnosis to be made.

의/약학| 2019.10.20| 13페이지| 2,000원| 조회(79)

면역학, 생물학, 발표자료, ADHD, 주의력결핍장애

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nanobiotechnology 에 대한 기말고사 문제와 답입니다.

1. Write any five principles of green chemistry?- The five principles of green chemistry are:- It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.- Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.- Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.

학교| 2019.10.20| 12페이지| 1,500원| 조회(81)

생물학, 시험, 기말고사, biology, NanoBioTechnology, na..

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KT-기법을 활용하여 제약회사에 대해 분석한 발표ppt입니다.

Domestic Pharmaceutical companiesAbout domestic pharmaceutical company Global pharmaceutical market reaches 1000 trillion won while the domestic pharmaceutical market is 19 trillion won. Only 1.9% of the global market. Top sales market in domestic pharmaceutical industry are Yuhan and Green Cross. Their sales are only 3% of the world's largest pharmaceutical company Novartis sales.BackgroundProblem definition (KT-analysis)DefineIsIs notWhatDecrease salesIncrease salesWhereDomestic companyGlobal companyWhenAfter 2012Before 2012How muchThe loss of more than 2 trillion wonThe loss of less than 2 trillion wonProblem definition (KT-analysis)DefineIsIs notWhatDecrease salesIncrease salesWhereDomestic companyGlobal companyWhenAfter 2012Before 2012How muchThe loss of more than 2 trillion wonThe loss of less than 2 trillion wonCompare domestic and foreign Korea has the lowest original drug prices among OECD While the development of original drugs takes too long time, its value is too small so pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to research original drug. Decrease profitsDefineProblem definition (KT-analysis)DefineIsIs notWhatDecrease salesIncrease salesWhereDomestic companyGlobal companyWhenAfter 2012Before 2012How muchThe loss of more than 2 trillion wonThe loss of less than 2 trillion wonAfter 2012 일괄약가 인하제도 eliminates the price difference between original and generic drug The doctors were in favor of the original drug domestic pharmaceutical industry relies on abroad Decrease profitsDefineCompare domestic and foreignDefineDomesticForeignR D expenses to sales7.5%20%Reseon : 1. 일괄약가 인하제도 2. 사용량 약가 연동제Decide on the course of action imitating foreign pharmaceutical companies. Based on the profits of drug companies it will create a cycle that can be invested in research and development for original drugs. Implement the solution Recognize the value of original drug and policies must changesolutionDecide on the course of action imitating foreign pharmaceutical companies. Based on the profits of drug companies it will create a cycle that can be invested in research and development for original drugs. Implement the solution Recognize the value of original drug and policies must changesolutionDoes the solution solve the real problem? If the original drug price policies are not change, the profits will not increase significantly. Is the problem permanently solved, or is this a patchwork solution? Right now even if there is no effect, this solution permanently solve the problemEvaluation 1Is the solution ethical? Since it is not a solution for a short time. So it is possible to struggling pharmaceutical company's people. Is the solution economically, environmentally, and politically responsible and safe? Policies can buy a lot of opposition from pharmaceutical people.Evaluation 1Decide on the course of action imitating foreign pharmaceutical companies. Based on the profits of drug companies it will create a cycle that can be invested in research and development for original drugs. Implement the solution Recognize the value of original drug and policies must changesolutionDoes the solution solve the real problem? If the most fundamental problem, original drug development investments is resolved, this solution solve the real problem Is the problem permanently solved, or is this a patchwork solution? If increase original drug price, sales are increase right now but People may object to the policy.Evaluation 2Is the solution ethical? Raising the drug prices, it is possible to struggling low-income people. Is the solution economically, environmentally, and politically responsible and safe? Policies to raise the price can buy a lot of opposition from the peopleEvaluation 2Thank you{nameOfApplication=Show}

교육학| 2019.10.20| 16페이지| 1,500원| 조회(131)

분석, 제약회사, KT기법, 분석ppt, KT-기법

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