*ventilation받는 ARDS 환자, PEEP 합병증: barotrauma-> 폐조직 손상 (#오답: 과호흡, 호흡성 알칼리증, 저혈압(저혈압은 peep에서 흉강내 압력 증가하여 나타날 수는 있는데, 그런 주요 합병증은 아님)-barotrauma; 호흡기 내 과도한 압력 가해서 폐조직 손상될 때 발생*Desmopressin: DI, nocturnal enuresis(야뇨증; 행동개입 먼저 시도) 치료cf) imipramin(삼환계항우울제)도 야뇨증 약cf) urecholine; cholinergic medication; 소변배출 촉진하는 콜린성 약물cf) prazosin: BPH(양성전립선비대증) 치료, 요로결석에서 요로 확장cf) finasteride: antagonist of the peripheral form of testosterone, DHT. BPH 치료.*wilms tumor; renal cell에서 유래!“Do not palpate abdomen”*Codeine phosphate: 아스피린 성분 없는, 중등-중증 통증 진통제.(혈우병환자; NSAIDs(ibuprofen), aspirin; 혈소판 기능 억제하므로 금기)cf) Oxycodone terephthalate and acetyl-salicylate: (aspirin=acetyl-salicylate); 아스피린 함유!*infiltration 있을 경우, 투약 중단하고 PVAD 제거, 반 대쪽에서 다시 시작, 부종 줄이기 위해 영향받은 사지는 심장위로 들어올려 warm compress가하기(#오답: 드레 싱 제거, PVAD reposition; PVAD 오염위험cf) infiltration < extravasation가 더 심함cf) f/c 제거할 때 클램핑할 필요x/ collecting a urine specimen for culture from the port in drainage tubing.
Crutch paralysis, or palsy ;목발 마비: a reversible condition caused by excessive and prolonged pressure on the radial nerve at the axilla, often due to crutches that are too long or leaning on top of the crutches when ambulating. *교육-support body weight on the hands and arms, not the axillae, when ambulating to ensure that there is a 1- to 2-inch (2.5- to 5-cm) space between the axilla and the axilla crutch pad. -The crutches should also be checked for proper length.-Handgrip location should allow 20-30 degrees of flexion at the elbow#Wear(마모) and tear(찢어짐) of the axillary pads raises concern for the incorrect use or fit of crutches. Excessive and prolonged pressure on the axillae can cause localized damage to the radial nerve at the axillae. This leads to a reversible condition known as crutch paralysis, or palsy, and is caused by crutches that are too long or by leaning on the top of the crutches when ambulating.------------------- ---------------------보행법Proper gait - The 3-point gait is used for restrictions of partial or no weight-bearing on the affected extremity. The injured extremity and crutches are moved simultaneously(동시에). The client who is rehabilitating from an injury of the lower extremity usually progresses from non-weight-bearing status (3-point gait) -> to partial weight-bearing status (2-point gait) -> to full weight-bearing status (4-point gait).
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS); 신경이완제 악성증후군*****(응급!); a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotics (eg, haloperidol, , clozapine, olanzapine) that typically occurs 1-3 days after initiation or rapid dose escalation(증량). It is thought to be caused by dysfunction in areas of the central nervous system involved in the thermoregulation(체온조절) and regulation of muscle tone and movement. #Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, is not known to cause NMS.*s/s; ***mental status changes, severe hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction (eg, tachycardia, fluctuating blood pressure, diaphoresis).-Sustained muscle contraction results in muscle breakdown(근육 파괴) that can lead to electrolyte imbalances (eg, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis) and acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis(횡문근융해증)(eg, elevated BUN and creatinine). *다른 약물 부작용들과 비교!!!******cf) Acute lithium toxicity; typically begins with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with neuromuscular signs developing later. Diffuse rigidity and severe hyperthermia would not be expected. (<->NMS***) #Lithium treatment can cause diabetes insipidus (DI) due to a dysfunction in the kidneys' ability to respond to antidiuretic hormonecf) Although serotonin syndrome (due to overdose or combinations of serotonergic drugs [eg, fluoxetine]); can also cause mental status changes, hyperthermia, and sympathetic hyperactivity, it typically leads to neuromuscular hyperactivity (eg, clonus, hyperreflexia)(<->diffuse rigidity seen in NMS.)cf)(2순위)*** Severe neck spasms in an individual taking haloperidol (and other psychotropic medications) indicate a dystonic reaction(근긴장이상반응). This client is in no immediate danger but needs treatment with IV benztropine (Cogentin) as soon as possible. The client should be seen second.
Serotonin syndrome (ie, serotonin toxicity) ; 세로토닌 증후군(중독); a life-threatening condition caused by excess serotonin in the central nervous system. *원인 ;Serotonin can be increased by the addition or high doses of serotonergic medication, or by some herbal medications (eg, St. John's wort), placing clients at risk for serotonin syndrome. -***Tramadol is an analgesic medication(진통제) with serotonergic activity that can lead to serotonin syndrome when taken with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (eg, sertraline).ex. client who is experiencing a fever and diarrhea 2 days after the HCP increased the sertraline dose*s/s-mental status changes (eg, anxiety, restlessness, agitation), autonomic dysregulation(자율신경 조절장애)(eg, diaphoresis, tachycardia, HTN, hyperthermia), and neuromuscular hyperactivity. *중재-***discontinuing all serotonergic agents (eg, sertraline, tramadol) -***administering a benzodiazepine to improve agitation and decrease muscle contraction (eg, clonus), which reduces temperature.#오답: △Although seizures are a severe complication of serotonin syndrome, antiseizure medications (eg, phenytoin) are not indicated in a client who is not seizing.#오답: In clients with serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia is caused by sustained muscle contraction, not infection. ∴ monitoring WBC count is not indicated.#오답: Panic attacks(공황발작) are brief episodes characterized by sudden, intense anxiety that may occur in response to a stressor. Symptoms include feelings of impending doom(임박한 운명의 느낌), tachycardia, shortness of breath, trembling hands, and diaphoresis. Severe hypertension, hyperthermia, brisk reflexes, and clonus are not characteristic.(<->serononin syndrome)