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리포트 / 의/약학

정신간호학 약물

"정신간호학 약물"에 대한 내용입니다.
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한컴오피스
최초등록일 2023.04.30 최종저작일 2022.09
정신간호학 약물 양성 음성
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정신간호학 약물
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    소개

    "정신간호학 약물"에 대한 내용입니다.

    목차

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    본문내용

    약물종류
    Antipsychotic drugs(Typical Antipsychotics) : Haloperidol

    작용기전 및 약물효과
    • 작용기전
    : 도파민 수용체를 차단함으로써 양성증상조절을 담당한다. 이 약물은 도파민 차단제이지만, 미세조정운동을 조절하는 일부 도파민 수용체 역시 차단을 하기 때문에 운동장애를 일으키는 주요인이 된다.
    • 약물효과
    : 정형 항정신병약물은 망상, 환각, 사고장애 등 양성증상에 효과적이며 음성증상에는 효과가 적은 편이다. 또한, 항우울제와 달리 과용량에 대한 위험은 적지만, EPS, TD를 주의해야 하며 고역가 약물인 Haloperidol을 장기간 복용하는 경우가 가장 위험성이 높아진다.

    부작용
    <정형 항정신병약물 부작용>
    • 진정작용: 가장 흔하게 먼저 나타나는 부작용
    • 자율신경계 부작용: 항콜린성 부작용(입 마름, 변비, 요정체, 흐린 시야), 기립성 저혈압
    • 추제외로계증상 EPS: 흑질선조체경로에서 도파민 수용체 차단으로 발생
    ① 파킨슨 증후군- 근육긴장, 진전, 운동불능증
    ② 정좌불능증- 안절부절 못하며 정신집중 할 수 없음
    ③ 급성근긴장이상증- 안구운동발작, 인후부 경련, 긴장증, 호흡곤란 등
    • 지연성 운동장애 TD: 장기투여로 인해 도파민 수용체의 지나친 감수성 항진
    ① 혀내밀기, 입술 오므리기 등의 입 주위 운동
    ② 턱 운동, 얼굴 찡그리기, 눈 깜ᄈᆞᆨ이기
    ③ 몸통 뒤틀기, 손목이나 발목의 굴곡 및 회전
    • 신경이완제 악성증후군: 근육강직, 고열(40도 이상), 빈맥, 혈압상승, 의식 수준의 변화
    • 기타 부작용: 광선과민증, 발적, 알레르기성 피부염, prolactin 분비 증가 등
    <Haloperidol 부작용>
    : 나른함, 가성 파킨슨증상, 근긴장증, 정좌불능증, NMS, 치료반응 없는 부정맥, 기침반사의 억제로 인한 흡입, 아나필락시스 반응

    참고자료

    · 없음

  • AI와 토픽 톺아보기

    • 1. Antipsychotic drugs(Typical Antipsychotics)
      Typical antipsychotic drugs, also known as first-generation antipsychotics, are a class of medications primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a key role in the development of psychotic symptoms. While effective in reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, typical antipsychotics can also cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and involuntary movements. These side effects can be particularly problematic and may lead to poor medication adherence. Additionally, typical antipsychotics have been associated with an increased risk of tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible movement disorder. Despite these drawbacks, typical antipsychotics remain an important treatment option, especially for patients who cannot tolerate or do not respond well to the newer, atypical antipsychotics. Careful monitoring and management of side effects are crucial when using these medications.
    • 2. Antipsychotic drugs(Atypical Antipsychotics)
      Atypical antipsychotics, also known as second-generation antipsychotics, are a newer class of medications that have been developed to address the limitations of typical antipsychotics. These drugs work by targeting a broader range of neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine, which is believed to result in a more balanced and effective treatment approach. Compared to typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics are generally associated with a lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Additionally, they have been shown to be effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as improving cognitive function and overall quality of life for patients. However, atypical antipsychotics are not without their own set of potential side effects, which can include weight gain, metabolic changes, and an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Careful monitoring and management of these side effects is essential to ensure the safe and effective use of atypical antipsychotics. Overall, the development of atypical antipsychotics has been a significant advancement in the treatment of psychotic disorders, offering a more well-rounded and potentially safer alternative to the older, typical antipsychotics.
    • 3. Antimanic drugs
      Antimanic drugs, also known as mood stabilizers, are a class of medications primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by episodes of mania and depression. These drugs work by stabilizing the mood and preventing the extreme mood swings associated with bipolar disorder. The most commonly used antimanic drugs include lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. Each of these medications has its own unique mechanism of action and set of potential side effects, and the choice of antimanic drug is often tailored to the individual patient's needs and response. Lithium, for example, is considered the gold standard for the treatment of bipolar disorder, as it has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes. However, lithium can also have significant side effects, such as tremors, weight gain, and thyroid and kidney problems, which require close monitoring. Valproic acid and carbamazepine are also commonly used antimanic drugs, with a slightly different side effect profile. Lamotrigine, on the other hand, is primarily used for the treatment of bipolar depression. Regardless of the specific antimanic drug chosen, the goal of treatment is to help patients achieve and maintain a stable mood, improve their overall functioning, and reduce the risk of relapse. Careful monitoring and management of side effects are crucial to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications.
    • 4. Antidepressant drugs
      Antidepressant drugs are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression, a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in daily activities. These drugs work by modulating the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are believed to play a key role in the development of depression. The most commonly used antidepressant drugs include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Each class of antidepressant has its own unique mechanism of action and set of potential side effects, and the choice of medication is often tailored to the individual patient's needs and response. SSRIs, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), are generally considered the first-line treatment for depression due to their relatively favorable side effect profile. SNRIs, such as venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta), are also commonly used and may be particularly effective for patients with comorbid chronic pain conditions. TCAs and MAOIs, on the other hand, are typically reserved for patients who have not responded to other antidepressant treatments, as they tend to have a higher risk of side effects. Regardless of the specific antidepressant chosen, the goal of treatment is to help patients achieve and maintain a stable mood, improve their overall functioning, and reduce the risk of relapse. Careful monitoring and management of side effects are crucial to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications.
    • 5. Antianxiety drugs
      Antianxiety drugs, also known as anxiolytics, are a class of medications primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent feelings of worry, fear, and apprehension. These drugs work by modulating the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is believed to play a key role in the regulation of anxiety. The most commonly used antianxiety drugs include benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax), as well as non-benzodiazepine medications, such as buspirone (Buspar) and pregabalin (Lyrica). Benzodiazepines are generally considered the most effective and fast-acting antianxiety medications, but they also carry a higher risk of dependence and abuse. Non-benzodiazepine medications, on the other hand, are generally considered to have a lower risk of dependence, but they may be less effective in the short-term. Regardless of the specific antianxiety drug chosen, the goal of treatment is to help patients manage their anxiety symptoms, improve their overall functioning, and reduce the risk of relapse. Careful monitoring and management of side effects, as well as the potential for dependence, are crucial to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications.
    • 6. Anti-parkinsonic drugs
      Anti-parkinsonic drugs, also known as antiparkinsonian medications, are a class of medications primarily used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, muscle stiffness, and impaired movement. These drugs work by modulating the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and acetylcholine, which are believed to play a key role in the development of Parkinson's disease symptoms. The most commonly used anti-parkinsonic drugs include levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and anticholinergic medications. Levodopa, which is converted to dopamine in the brain, is considered the gold standard for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as it is highly effective in reducing motor symptoms. However, long-term use of levodopa can also lead to the development of motor complications, such as dyskinesia (involuntary movements). Dopamine agonists, such as pramipexole and ropinirole, are often used in combination with levodopa to help manage these motor complications. MAO inhibitors and anticholinergic medications, on the other hand, are typically used as adjunctive therapies to help manage specific symptoms, such as tremors and muscle rigidity. Regardless of the specific anti-parkinsonic drug chosen, the goal of treatment is to help patients manage their Parkinson's disease symptoms, improve their overall functioning, and slow the progression of the disease. Careful monitoring and management of side effects, as well as the potential for motor complications, are crucial to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications.

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