중세 몽골의 칭기스칸 법전 연구 (A Study on Genghis Khan’s Code of Laws in the Middle Ages Mongolia)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국법사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 법사학연구 / 50호 / 167 ~ 198페이지
· 저자명 : 한상돈

초록

12세기 말부터 테무진은 부족을 통합하기 시작하여 13세기 초에는 몽골을 통일하고 칭기스칸으로 즉위한다. 이 때 ‘칭기스칸 法典’을 반포하는데, 현존하지 않는다. 일부 서양학자들은 史料에 흩어져있는 법률 條文들을 모아 법전을 복원하였다. 중국은 2007년에 65개 조문을 모아 ‘칭기스칸 법전’을 재구성을 한 연구성과를 내놓았다. ‘칭기스칸 법전’ 중에서 軍事에 관련된 법조문을 고찰해 보면, 몽골인들의 전통적인 ‘요순(yuson)’과 관습법이 칭기스칸 법전의 주요 法源이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 몽골제국의 군대조직은 사회조직이기도 하였는데 十進制를 실시하였다. 十夫, 百夫, 千夫, 萬夫로 조직하였고, 책임자에게는 큰 권한을 부여하였다. 몽골인들은 평상시에는 사냥을 하였는데, 군사훈련하는 것처럼 하였다. 사냥의 목표물을 놓치면 법에 의해 지휘관을 처벌하였다. 적군의 상황을 파악하지 못하면 공격하지 않았다. 특정한 장소로 집결할 때는 시간을 정확하게 지켜야 했다. 전쟁이 일어나면 각 개인은 노소 귀천을 막론하고 모두 참전해야 하는 의무가 있었다. 이러한 군사관련 법규범이 몽골제국을 강력하게 하였다. 칭기스칸 법전의 法典체제나 입법기술은 빈약하지만, 그 법규범은 매우 실제적이고 실용적이었다. 군사관련 법규범이 결국은 거대한 영토를 정복할 수 있는 원동력이 되었던 것이다.

영어초록

In the late 12th century, Temugin has begun to unite the tribes in northeast Asia and, by the early 13th century, he has unified the region and came to power as Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire. At that time, he promulgated the Genghis Khan’s Code of Laws, also known as the Yassa, which was kept secret and no longer exists. Some of western scholars have collected the scattered articles of the laws and restored the Code. In 2007, the Genghis Khan’s Code was reorganized by China with 65 articles of laws. In this article, the author analyses the provisions of the Code relating to the military affairs. The author further examines the reason why the Mongol Empire was able to conquer the world. The Mongolian traditional “yuson” and the customary law are the main source of the Genghis Khan’s Code.
The military organization of the Mongol Empire was also a social organization. It was constructed with the ten-household, hundred-household, thousand-household and ten-thousand-household heads. The Great Mongolia adopted a military training system on the basis of hunting. During the hunting, it should be organized as in the battle, and the commander should be appointed to conduct the hunting unitedly. If a war requires, all people, no matter old or young, rich or poor, should have the obligations to join the army and fight against enemies. Civilians were compulsory to bear goods materials of warfare. A wife should take good care of the household duties while her husband went to the war or went hunting, and bear the obligation of penal service instead of her husband.
Although the codification system and legislation technique of the Genghis Khan’s Code were still far from perfection, the legal norm of the ancient Mongolian had realistic and practical characteristics. The related articles in the Genghis Khan’s Code let the Mogol Empire to be a mighty country, finally they can conquer the huge territory.
The author concludes that the military-related provisions under the Code has strengthened the Mongol Empire, thereby providing the country with a driving force to conquer the large territory.

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