께다르나트 싱 시 연구 -힌디어 현대 시사(詩史)에서 그의 위상을 중심으로- (The Study on Kedarnath Singh’s Poetry - With Special Reference to His Status in the History of Modern Hindi Poetry)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 남아시아연구 / 24권 / 4호 / 1 ~ 34페이지
· 저자명 : 김우조

초록

께다르나트 싱은 현대 힌디어 시단을 대표하는 인도 문인이다. 그는 『세 번째 사쁘따끄』(1959)와 『지금, 바로 지금』(1960)에서 독립 당시 인도 사회의 정서를 예민하게 표현한 시들을 발표하여 주목을 받으며 1950년대 강력한 문학 운동이었던, 낭만주의 성격의 신시(新詩) 운동의 주요 시인으로 자리매김한다. 그 후 그는 침묵을 지키다가 약 20년만에 발간한 시집, 『대지가 익고 있다』(1980), 『여기에서 보라』(1983), 『기근에 두루미들』(1988) 등의 시집에서 대지에 뿌리 박고 인간과 사물과 세상을 사실주의 시각으로 보는 시를 발표하여 1960년대 중반 이후 인도 시단을 주도하던 사실주의 시 흐름의 대표적인 시인으로 평가 받게 된다.
께다르나트 싱은 1950년대에 낭만주의 성격의 신시 운동과 1980년대 이후 사실주의 흐름을 대표하는 시인으로서 그의 시 세계는 개인성 중심의 낭만주의적 요소와 현실인식을 토대로 한 사실주의적 요소로 형성되어 있다. 또한 그의 작품에서 낭만주의적인 요소와 사실주의적인 요소가 상호 보완적, 유기적으로 작용하며 작품의 깊이와 폭이 심화, 확대되어 갔다. 이런 과정을 통해서 그의 작품에는 개인의 체험적 감수성을 토대로 한 사실주의, 농촌-읍내 감수성, ‘삼라만상에 대한 경계’를 지속하는 생태학적인 관심, 인도 문학의 정체성 구축에서 사실주의적 접근, 형상화에서 다양한 탐색과 실험 등의 특성이 나타난다. 이런 특성으로 그는 독립 이후 현대 힌디어 시사(詩史) 에서 독특한 위상을 갖게 되었음을 이 글에서 밝히고자 했다.

영어초록

Kedarnath Singh(1934-2018) was a representative Hindi poet of the modernist trend. He published 23 works in Tisra Saptak(1959) which was regarded as the gateway to poetic fame for young poets and released his first collection of poetry Abhī, Bilkul Abhī(1960) in the year following. His works expressed the social emotion of his time and came into the spotlight. He held the prominent position in the Nayi Kavita(New Poetry) literary movement of the 1950s.
It was nearly 20 years since his last work, Kedarnath Singh published the collections of poetry Zamīna Paka Rahī Hai (1980), Yahāṃ Se Dekho (1983) and Akāla Meṃ Sārasa (1988). His works looked at the world from a realistic perspective having its roots deep down in the earth. He was regarded as a representative poet who added lyrical, optimistic and positive colors to the realistic trend that led the arena of Indian poetry since the mid-1960s.
Kedarnath Singh was a representative poet of the Nayi Kavita literary movement of the neo-romanticism in the 1950s and the realism since the 1980s. The poetic world of Kedarnath Singh is formed the romantic elements emphasizing on individuality and the realistic elements based on a recognition of the reality. Naval(1994: 121), a progressive critic mentioned that “Kedarnath Singh was an ingenious and special poet who nudged the progressive poetry in the right direction through self-struggle.” As the term ‘self-struggle’ indicates, he is regarded as a realistic poet since the 1980s on the basis of romantic elements. Kedarnath Singh also assimilated his sensibility with that of Pablo Neruda, the romantic poet who was politically active and socially conscious.
It seems that Kedarnath Singh’s emphasis on sensibility and his own awareness and experience based on it in the period of the Nayi Kavita literary movement corresponds to ‘reliability of experiential sensibility’(Anubhūti kī Prāmāṇikatā). Even at this time, he, however, had a clear and firm willingness to take sides with the public; therefore, although the reality was dark, he recognized the darkness as a flower.
Since the 1980s, Kedarnath Singh described a ferocious reality of India of those days with a keen realistic vision. Simultaneously, he showed the real world through common and familiar things that he had seen or experienced such as bull, truck. Also, he was able to overcome the identity crisis experienced in the period of silence by returning to his hometown village and childhood memories. The foundation of his experiential sensibility is rural and rural town(Qasva) sensibility. Because of this, his realism is tinged with romantic, optimistic and positive color.
Kedarnath Singh’s poetry has some characteristics presented by the enlargement of both romantic elements and realistic elements through their complementary interaction. First, his poetry is characterized by the realism based on the individual's experiential sensitivity. The tiny things that have been experienced in his life have been embodied in his poetry. The second is his rural and rural town(Qasva) sensibility. While living in the city, he held the title of ‘rural poet’. It is not because he described the rural issues, but because he kept rural and rural town(Qasva) sensibility throughout his life. The third is an ecological interest. The poet, who seriously considered coexistence with nature while living in the city, consistently played a pioneering role in the representation of ecological interest. The fourth is a realistic approach to the identity formation of Indian literature. Indian literati of his time had sought to find their identity in Indian literature from the spiritual civilization of India, especially traditional ideology. However, Kedarnath Singh found it from the real life of Indian. Lastly, he attempted various explorations and experiments in literary embodiments such as poetic diction, images, symbols, style and form of poetry for the sake of concealing his own views and thoughts.
As can be seen from the above, Kedarnath Singh was able to have a unique status in the history of modern Hindi poetry since independence through realism based on the individual's experiential sensitivity, rural and rural town(Qasva) sensibility, ecological interest which sustains 'surveillance on creation', a realistic approach to the identity formation of Indian literature, various explorations and experiments in literary embodiments etc.

참고자료

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