가계부채의 용도별 보유현황 및 결정요인에 관한 연구 (Determinants of Household Debt Holding of Different Purposes)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국소비자학회
· 수록지 정보 : 소비자학연구 / 21권 / 3호 / 29 ~ 52페이지
· 저자명 : 성영애

초록

본 연구는 부채의 용도별로 분류한 각 유형의 부채보유상태를 알아보고 용도가 서로 다른 부채의 보유여부에 영향을 미치는 요인을 탐색하였다. 통계청의 2006년 가계자산조사의 원자료를 이용하였다. 부채용도는 모두 11가지로 나누었는데, 부동산구입, 전월세보증금 마련, 자동차구입, 임대보증금, 증권투자자금마련과 같은 자산관련부채와생활비마련, 교육비마련, 의료비마련, 결혼자금마련, 부채상환용 부채와 같은 소비성부채 및 기타로 분류하였다. 용도별로 분류한 부채의 보유여부에 영향을 미치는 사회인구학적 특성에는 가구주 성별, 연령, 교육수준, 직업, 가구원수를, 가계자산변수에는 금융자산, 주택소유여부 및 실물자산을 포함하였다. 그 결과 2006년도 부채를 보유하고있는 가구의 비율은 85.2%에 이르고 있으며, 부채규모는 전체가구의 경우 평균 3,639만원, 부채보유가구만을 대상으로 할 경우 평균 4,273만원으로 나타났다. 부채의 용도에 따른 부채보유율을 살펴보면 생활비마련을 위해 부채를 보유하게 된 가구의 비율이 가장 높아 보유율이 71.4%로 나타나고 있다. 그 다음으로는 집과 관련되어 가계부채를 활용하는 빈도가 높아 자산증식이나 주거용도로 부채가 활용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 가계부채의 용도별 부채규모를 살펴본 결과, 전체가구를 대상으로 하였을 때는 부동산구입을 위한 부채의 규모가 가장 컸고, 각 용도별부채를 보유하고 있는 가구만을 대상으로 하였을 때는 임대보증금의 규모가 가장 컸다. 생활비마련용도의 부채는보유율은 매우 높았으나 보유규모는 상대적으로 작은 편이었다. 각 각계는 평균 2개의 부채용도를 가지고 부채를이용하고 있었다. 용도별로 분류한 부채의 보유여부는 가계의 사회경제적 특성에 따라 달라지는데, 영향을 미치는특성이 서로 달랐다. 각 특성이 각 유형의 부채보유여부에 대한 영향을 살펴보면 11개 유형의 부채가운데, 가계소득은 10개 유형의 부채보유가능성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가구주 직업은 9개 유형의 부채에, 가구원수는 7개 유형에, 가구주 교육수준과 금융자산은 6가지 유형에, 주택보유형태와 실물자산은 5가지 유형에, 가구주 성별과 연령은 4가지 유형에, 마지막으로 가구주 혼인상태는 3가지 유형의 부채보유가능성과 관련이 있었다. 이상의연구결과를 바탕으로 내릴 수 있는 결론은 부채의 용도는 매우 다양할 수 있으며 그러한 용도는 가구의 여러 가지사회인구학적 특성과 가계경제특성에 따라 달라진다는 것이다.

영어초록

According to the Bank of Korea, the nation’s household debts surged to an all-time high of 697 trillion won in the second quarter of 2009. Although borrowing behavior is a useful management means to smooth out the consumption span over the life time or to increase household wealth, it can cause severe financial problems such as late payment or being deep in debt. Thus household debt is a matter of concern of policy makers or financial planners.
Households might borrow for many purposes. The purposes of borrowing are strongly related with household need and they can show some financial problems. Therefore, the study on the purposes of debt can give meaningful implications for making useful policies and financial counseling for the households using debts.
Previous studies that were interested on several types of debt tended to classify debts based on debt sources or requirement of security. The absence of the analysis on the debt types of different purposes was resulted mainly because of lack of reliable national data. Recently,Statistics Korea started the survey on household wealth. The 2006 Survey of Household gives the information on the household debt types and their purposes. Utilizing this survey, this study investigated household debts focusing on the purposes of borrowing. The first objective of this study was to estimate the holding and the amount of different types of debt classified by debt purposes. Second objective was to find out the determinants of the likelihood of debt holding of different purposes.
Largely household debts were classified into two groups, i.e. debt for consumption and debt for increasing assets. In detail, they were classified into 11 types. Consumption purpose debts were debt for daily expense, debt for educational expense, debt for medical expense,debt for wedding expense and debt for repaying debt. Debts for increasing assets were groupedinto debt for buying house, debt for renting, debt for buying automobile, deposit of renting house, and debt for security investment. The remaining type of debt was labeled as debt for others.
The likelihood of holding of each type of debts was assumed to be influenced by sociodemographic variables and economic variables. Based on the previous studies, household heads’ sex, age, educational level, marital status and occupation, family size, home ownership, household income, real assets and financial assets were included for the analysis. Logit analysis was conducted as a statistical method. Total sample of 8,275 households was analyzed using SPSS.
The major findings were as follows. First, the proportion of households with positive debt outstanding was 85.2%. The average amount of total debt was 36,390,000 won for the entire households and 42,730,000 won for the households that hold debts. The amount is almost equivalent to household annual income. This result shows that borrowing is a common financial management behavior.
Second, the most frequently used debt was debt for daily expenses. The percentage of households which hold this type of debt was 71.4%. The debt type of the biggest amount was deposit of renting house. The types of debts could be re-grouped into four categories by the rate of holding and average amount. The debts with high rate of holding and larger amount were debt for buying house and deposit of renting house. The debts with high rate of holding but relatively small amount were debt for daily expense, debt for renting and others. The debts of low rate of holding but large amount were debt for repaying debt, debt for wedding expense and debt for security investment. The type of debt of low holding rate and small amount included debt for educational expense, debt for medical expense and debt for buying automobile.
Third, household tended to utilize 2 types of debt on average. The proportion of the households using 2 types of debts was 33.1% and that of the households holding at least 3 types of debts was 23%. The number of debt purposes was influenced by household heads’ age, educational level, marital status and occupation, family size, home ownership, household income, real assets and financial assets. Especially the effect of age of head was the strongest. This result shows that debts tend to be utilized for multiple purposes.
Fourth, the likelihoods of debt holding of different purposes were influenced by sex, age, educational level, marital status and occupation of household head, family size, home ownership,household income, real assets and financial assets. The effects of each variable were partly similar, but some effects were different according to each type of debt in terms of significance or directions. The effect of household income was the strongest and relatively consistent. It had influence on the holding of 10 types of debts. household head’s occupation was the determinant of 9 types of debts. Marital status was the weakest factor affecting the holding of debt of different types. Based on the results, it was concluded that the households are using debt for different purposes and usually for multiple purposes. The purposes of debt are different according to many variables and therefore the policy makers and financial planners should consider the household characteristics to make appropriate policies, educational programs or counseling.

참고자료

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