18세기 프랑스 사회와 여성 화가들의 위상 (Lives of Female Artists during the French Revolution in the 18th Century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 유럽문화예술학회
· 수록지 정보 : 유럽문화예술학논집 / 10권 / 1호 / 55 ~ 68페이지
· 저자명 : 나애리

초록

프랑스 여성들은 전통적으로 여성의 지위 향상과 여성의 사회적 진출에 있어 매우 소극적인 태도를 고수해왔다. 역사적 여성의 권리를 옹호하려는 움직임이 있었지만, 남성과 여성 지위의 완전한일대일 평등을 내세우지는 않았다. 여성들은 현모양처로서의 전통적인 여성 이미지에서 탈피하지 못하였으므로, 자신의 능력을 개발하여 전문 직업인이 되는 데 있어 매우 소극적이었다.
그런데 18세기 말, 프랑스 대혁명이 일어날 때쯤, 여성 화가들의 수가 급증하고, 이들 화가들 중에는 왕립 아카데미 회원으로 인정받은 화가들도 있었으며, 국가에서 개최하는 상롱 전시회에 그림을전시한 여성 화가들도 급증했다. 본 논문에서는, 이러한 변화가 일어나게된 이유가 무엇인지를 그당시 정치 사회적인 배경에서 찾아보고자 했다. 18세기 현명 이전 절대왕정시대의 왕립미술아카데미에서의 화가들의 지위에 대해 살펴보고, 사설미술기관에서의 여성 화가 교육에 대해서도 살펴보았다.
또한 18세기 여성들이 주로 활동했던 살롱에서의 문화예술 활동 및 에 대해서도 살펴보며, 당시 사회적 사상의 기반이 되었던 계몽주의 사상에 대해서도 살펴보았다.
이러한 조사를 통하여, 18세기 여성화가들이 급증하고 화가로서 인정받게된 가장 큰 이유는 당시 사설미술관을 운영했던 화가들의 영향이 컸다는 것을 짐작할 수 있다. 그리고,, 18세기 살롱문화를 이끌어간 여성들의 영향 또한 여성 권리의 신장에 큰 역할을 했음을 알 수 있다. 반면, 남녀평등을 주장할 것같은 계몽주의 사상가들은 오히려 여성들에게 천부적인 여성적인 역할을 강조해왔음을 알 수 있다.

영어초록

By the time when the French Revolution began in the 18th century, however, the number of female artists rapidly increased and some of them were recognized as members of the Royal Academy(Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture). The number of female artists also grew rapidly who exhibited their pictures in the Salon which was held by the state. That is to say that women intended to advance in society by demonstrating their talents and getting their talents recognized.
In this presentation, we figured out how such a drastic change was possible, summarizing several fundamental grounds.
The first research subject was the salon culture led by women in the 18th century. The owners of French salons in the 18th century played a role in stimulating women's intellectual desires and they contributed greatly to the development of thinking, literature and art in the 18th century. Salon women greatly contributed to raising the cultural intellectual level in the 18th century by providing a space for philosophers and artists as well as writing literature themselves. In addition, their influence was great to help attendees become members of the Royal Academy and they also contributed to the development of Enlightenment by economically and mentally sponsoring the Enlightenment thinkers who attended their salons.
But, The problem is that the women in 18th century still accepted the image of women given by society without refusing it. The traditional conservative society forced women to have traditional feminine virtues, but women themselves were not able to let go of the image of a woman who was humble, virtuous, and non-spontaneous and who always agreed with men’s opinions and always respected the virtue of her family, rather than herself.
The second subject was the influence of private art education institutions which were established against the 18th century’s Royal Academy of Arts as well as people who ran and sponsored those art institutions.
These arts institutions played an important role in fostering creativity of individuality of artists unlike the Royal Academy. The art theory of the absolute monarchy had to follow the principles of absolutism and the artist had to restrain his or her freedom and personal preference. Under this social background, the private art institutions increased creativity and diversity of art.
But, even though David argued for the complete abolition of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture and he gave the opportunities for the female artists to study arts in his atelier, he was negative about female artists’ advancement in society, saying that women's job was to care for her family.
The final subject was the influence of Enlightenment which was popular in the 18th century. Enlightenment in the 18th century argued for freedom and autonomy of mankind, and to respect individuality of others. The Enlightenment thinkers criticized the old system through free debate and insisted on progressive thinking. However, the progress of Enlightenment was only for men. They did not accord equal value to women who made up half of mankind. Enlightenment thinkers thought that women were intellectually inferior, Even though women opened their salons to spread ideas of Enlightenment and played a major role in the spread of culture and advancement of science, the scholars described women from a moral aspect which emphasized women’s virtue of being faithful to their families.
For this reason, they did not recognize women’s right to express or create.

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