벤처캐피탈의 역할과 코스닥 IPO 기업의 장단기 성과요인에 대한 실증연구 (The Short- and Long-Term Performance of Venture-Backed IPO Kosdaq Firms and the Roles of Venture Capitals in Korea)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국재무학회
· 수록지 정보 : 재무연구 / 27권 / 3호 / 457 ~ 491페이지
· 저자명 : 오세경, 한형호

초록

과거 국내 연구들은 제한된 자료로 인하여 결과를 신뢰하기가 어렵고, 시초가 결정방식이나 보호예수제도의 변경 등을 감안하지 못할 뿐만 아니라, 벤처캐피탈의 IPO 초기 지분매각이 CAR에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳐 그들의 역할에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에, 본 논문에서는 IPO 초기에 지분을 매각한 그룹과 매도하지 않은 그룹으로 구분하여 벤처캐피탈의 보증역할과 경영지원역할을 검정하였다. 상장한 당일과 한 달 후 CAR을 분석한 결과를 보면, IPO 기업의 단기성과에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 통제한 후에도 우리나라 벤처캐피탈이 보증역할을 수행하는 것과 벤처캐피탈의 지분율이 높을수록 보증역할이 커짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 IPO 이후 조기에 지분을 매각한 벤처캐피탈 투자기업의 경우에는 벤처캐피탈의 보증역할이 존재하지 않음을 발견하였다. 36개월 BHAR을 분석한 결과를 보면, 장기성과 관련 변수들을 통제한 후에도 우리나라 벤처캐피탈의 경영지원역할이 존재하지 않으며, 벤처캐피탈의 지분율이 높을수록 오히려 IPO 기업의 장기성과가 좋지 않음을 발견하였다. 아울러 벤처캐피탈의 초기 지분매각으로 인해 벤처캐피탈 투자기업의 장기성과가 저조한지 살펴본 결과, 일부 그런 효과가 발견되기는 하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 수준은 아니었다.

영어초록

It is well known that venture capitals perform the certification role that reduces the underpricing of IPO firms by alleviating the information asymmetry between insiders and public investors. However, previous Korean studies suggest that the certification role played by Korean venture capitals is not supported—in contrast to the findings of foreign studies. It is also known that venture capitals perform the management support role that accommodates the growth of venture-backed firms and enhances the value of their portfolio companies—a direction explored by few in Korea.
In this study, we analyze the short- and long-term performance of IPO firms and the certification and management support roles of venture capitals in a sample of 263 venture-backed IPOs and 213 non-venture-backed IPOs in the Kosdaq market from 2002 to 2012. Specifically, abnormal returns (AR) or cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) can be affected by the early sale of venture capitals’ equity stakes after IPO, so we test their roles by dividing venture-backed IPO firms into two groups: one in which equity shares are sold early and the other in which they are not sold by venture capitals after IPO.
The results of previous domestic studies on these issues are not reliable due to a limited data sample problem, and the restrictions inherent in not considering important changes such as the determination method of first day opening price and the lock-up period in Korea. As early sales of venture capitals’ equity stakes can negatively affect the CAR of venture-backed IPOs, and the certification and management support roles played by venture capitals, we divide venture capitals into two groups based on whether they sell their equity stakes early or not. We then test for differences in the roles between the two groups.
We find that Korean venture capitals perform the certification role after controlling the variables affecting the short-term performance of IPO firms and that the role strengthens as their equity stakes in IPO firms increase, based on the regression results for first day AR and one month CAR. However, the certification role played by venture capitals is not observed among venture-backed IPO firms whose equity stakes are sold early by venture capitals after the IPO. To analyze the effect that the equity sale of Korean venture capitals has on their certification role further, we divide venture-backed IPO firms into three groups: firms in which equity shares are sold by venture capitals immediately after IPO, those in which equity shares are sold by venture capitals within a month from the second day after IPO, and those in which equity shares are not sold at all by venture capitals within a month after IPO. The regression results show that for the second group, the certification role cannot be found at the 5% significance level and for the other groups, the certification role is not statistically significant.
Our analysis of the regression results on three-year buy-and-hold average returns (BAHRs) show that Korean venture capitals do not perform the management support role after controlling the variables affecting the long-term performance of IPO firms. The long-term performance of venture-backed IPO firms decreases as the equity stakes of venture capitals increase. We also test whether the early equity sales of venture capitals prompt the underperformance of venture-backed IPO firms by dividing them into three groups again. The regression results show that as venture capitals sell more their equity shares of venture-backed IPO firms immediately or within a month from the second day after IPO—their BHARs decrease. In contrast, for venture-backed IPO firms in which equity shares are not sold by venture capitals, the BHARs increase as expected, although not with statistical significance.
The results suggest that it is very difficult to anticipate the management support role of Korean venture capitals because they sell their equity stakes early (137 out of 263 portfolio companies). This implies that Korean venture capitals are trying to exit as early as possible through the IPOs of their portfolio companies instead of accommodating long-term, win-win growth.
Korean President Park Geun-hye’s new government is concentrating its efforts on nurturing innovative small and medium-sized companies under the slogan, “Creative Economy.” Hence, the role of venture capitals as a main financing source and value creator for venture firms is more crucial than it has ever been. However, as this study shows, if the management support role is not adequately performed, venture capitals’ involvement will be limited to providing funding assistance. Therefore, more research on how to develop the management support role played by Korean venture capitals is needed for “Creative Economy” to be successful. The myth that the long-term performance of venture-backed IPO firms is worse than that of non-venture-backed IPO firms in Korea must be investigated further.

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