정약용 『經世遺表』 구성의 철학적 원리 : 六經四書에 대한 다산의 經學 註釋을 중심으로 (Philosophical Principles in the Composition of Jeong Yak-yong's Gyeongseyupyo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국동양철학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양철학 / 37호 / 137 ~ 183페이지
· 저자명 : 백민정

초록

『經世遺表』는 정약용의 대표적인 정치경제학 저작이다. 그는 「자찬묘지명」에서 철학적 의미를 다룬 經學과 정치사회적 문제를 다룬 經世學이 本末 구조를 이룬다고 말했다. 『경세유표』의 경우 철학적․사상적 토대는 알려진 것처럼 『周禮』와 『尙書』라는 고대유학 경전이다. 정약용은 『周禮全注』를 기획했지만 이루지 못했기에 『주례』에 대한 그의 입장은 『상서』 등 다른 경전 주석을 통해 살펴볼 수밖에 없다. 『주례』에 대한 다산의 관점은 『春秋』『周易』 및 『中庸』『大學』과도 긴밀히 연계돼 있다. 그는 『주례』를 중심으로 육경사서를 연결시킨 후 이러한 철학적 경전 이해를 통해 『경세유표』의 사회제도 개혁안을 구상했다. 특히 『주례』와 『상서』의 上帝 개념을 통해 君主의 의미와 역할을 규정하고 君臣 관계를 유비적으로 설명했고, 『주례』의 6부 정부조직안을 모델로 조선의 중앙정부와 관료제를 구상했다. 수도권과 지방의 교육체제, 토지와 조세제도의 개혁, 도시와 지방의 구획 및 운영 등을 모두 『주례』의 古法을 바탕으로 제안한 것이다. 물론 정약용의 제안은 조선후기 현실에 맞게 유학 경전의 내용을 상당 부분 변형한 것이다. 『경세유표』에서 다산이 제안한 사회개혁안에 따르면, 국왕과 신료 모두 철저한 관료제시스템에서 제도적 방식을 통해 제한된 권력만을 행사할 수 있다. 정약용은 王權을 강조한 것이 아니라 상징적 왕을 통해 公權力을 강조했다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 관료기구의 확대, 중앙정부의 철저한 民 지배, 직업과 거주지, 교육, 사회신분 등을 엄격하게 제한하고 차등적으로 통제할 것을 주장했다. 관료제 중심의 개혁안은 다산이 중간 기득권층의 횡포를 막고 국가 전체를 일관된 제도적 원리에 따라 효율적으로 지배하기 위해 내놓은 방안이지만 『경세유표』가 전제한 철학적․이념적 원리에 대해서는 비판적 검토가 필요하다고 본다.

영어초록

Jeong Yak-yong's Gyeongseyupyo is a well-known work on politics and economics. As the Joseonhak movement during the colonial periods spread in the 1930s, Jeong Yak-yong was recognized as a representative Silhak scholar and, of his numerous “Yeoyudang” works, Gyeongseyupyo became the most famous. For his own epitaph, however, Jeong Yak-yong wrote that his Gyeonghak(經學), which dealt with philosophical matters, and his Gyeongsehak(經世學), which dealt with sociopolitical matters, were intimately connected and that they complemented each other. With Gyeongseyupyo, it is well-known that its philosophical and ideological foundations were based on ancient Confucian writings called Jurye(周禮) and Sangseo(尙書). Jeong Yak-yong had wanted to write a comprehensive commentary on Jurye but could not carry it out. His thoughts on Jurye can only be indirectly examined through his studies on Sangseo. Jeong Yak-yong's thoughts on Jurye are also intimately linked to the Six Classics(六經) such as Chunchu(春秋) and Juyeokl(周易), and also the Four Books(四書) such as Jungyong(中庸) and Daehak(大學). He connected the Six Classics and the Four Books using Juryeas the focal point, and designed his plan for reforming the social system in Gyeongseyupyo based on his understanding of those classic philosophical texts. In particular, he defined the meaning and the role of the sovereign(君主) using the idea of Sangje(上帝) found in Jurye and Sangseo, and anagogically explained the relationship between the ruler and the ruled(君臣). He also conceived Joseon's central government and its bureaucracy using the six-part government organization plan in Jurye as his model. His suggestions on the educational system for the capital and provincial areas, organization of farmlands and the land system, comprehensive reformation of the tax system, division of cities and provinces and their operational principles were all based on the contents in Jurye. Of course, he also made many modifications in his presentation of those contents in order to suit the realities of the late Joseon period. According to the ideas proposed in Gyeongseyupyo regarding social reform, both the ruler and the ruled can only function with limited authority exercised through systemic and procedural methods which are bound by a thoroughly bureaucratic mechanism. Jeong Yak-yong did not emphasize sovereign power(王權) but rather the public authority of the state. In other words, his emphasis was on governmental authority(公權力) as represented by a symbolic King. He also argued that such matters as the expansion of bureaucratic organs and the central government's detailed control of its people, their jobs, residence, education and social identity should all be strictly limited and individually controlled. This type of bureaucracy-centered reformation plan, however, has already appeared many times in history and is known to have various shortcomings. Jeong Yak-yong's proposals were aimed at stopping the tyranny of the mid-level authorities and enable the state to efficiently rule the entire country according to consistent institutional principles. Nevertheless, the philosophical and ideological principles premised in his Gyeongseyupyo need to be critically examined

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