Evolution of EvolutionINTRODUCTIONThe name Charles Darwin (figure1.1) and the concept of evolution are almost synonymous. Yet most persons are surprised to learn that Charles Darwin was not the first to propose that populations of organisms change through time-that is, they evolve. In fact, the idea that organisms evolve is very old, dating back to respected schools of ancient Greek philosophical thought in the sixth century before Christ.다윈의 이름과 진화의 개념은 거의 같은 것을 의미한다. 그러나 대부분의 사람들은 찰스 다윈이 생명체의 숫자가 세대를 통해서 변한다는 즉 생명체들은 진화한다고 제안한 첫 번째 사람이 아니라는 것을 알게 되었을 때 놀란다. 사실 생명체들이 진화한다는 생각은 아주 오래되었고 기독교 이전의 고대 그리스의 존중받던 학교로 거슬러 올라간다.PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLSAnaximander (610-547 B.C.E.) developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike and scaly forms to land forms. Empedocles (490-430 B.C.E.) saw original creatures coming together in oddly assembled ways: men with heads of cattle, animals with branches like frees. Most perished, he thought-but a few, those that came together in practical ways, socess.Darwin's unique contribution to evolutionary thought was his answer to the third question. He proposed the mechanism of change. To understand how profound this was and to appreciate the preceding attempts to clarify the fact of evolution and its course, we should review the ideas of those who immediately preceded Darwin. Even in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century scientific circles, opinion was strongly divided on the issue of the "transmutation" of species, as evolution was then called. Did species change and, if so, how? T재 scientists, Carl von Linne and J. M. de Lamarck, illustrate the general conflicting views on evolution preceding Darwin. These two scientists were not alone, and many contemporary scientists fall into one camp or the other. But these two are perhaps best known-their views illustrate the divided intellectual climate in the early nineteenth century. Carl von Linne thought species were fixed (no evolution); J. B. de Lamarck thought that species changed (evolutiowhich, by the mere weeding out of those less adapted to the actual conditions, the fittest alone would continue the race.There more I thought over it, the more I became convinced that I had at length found the long-sought-for law of nature that solved the problem of the Origin of SpeciesWallace began writing that same evening and within two days had sketched out his idea in a paper. Knowing that Darwin was interested in the subject, but unaware of how far Darwin's own thinking had progressed, he mailed the manuscript to Darwin for his opinion. The post was slow-the journey took four months. Wallace had not only hit upon the same central mechanism of evolution as Darwin, but even unknowingly coined some of the same phrases and terminology. Darwin was stunned. But what to do?Charles DarwinUnlike Wallace, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was born into economic security. His father was a successful physician; his mother was part of the successful Wedgwood (pottery) fortune. Darwin tried medicinece는 경제적 어려움을 겪었었다. 그러므로 그는 생계에 힘썼다. 처음에 그는 그의 조국인 영국에서 철도를 위한 땅을 조사하였다. 나중에 그는 자연에 흥미를느껴서 다시 고국으로 돌아와서 박물관에 팔 생물학적 표본을 외국에서수집하였다. 외국서의 희귀 동, 식물에대한 그의 조사는 그를 Amazonian 정글로 이끌었고 나중에는 현재 인도네시아로 알려져있는 남동 아시아에 있는 Malay 군도로 이끌었다.우리는 그의 일기로부터 그가 여행중에 엄청난 숫자의 종을 접하게 되었다는 것을 알게되었다. 1858년 초에 Wallace는 New Guinea 와 Borneo 사이에 있는 Spice 섬들중 하나에 머무르는 동안 아팠었다. 고열의 밤동안 그는 An Essay on the Principle of Population라고 이름이 붙여진 Reverend Thomas Malthus가 쓴 한권의 책을 생각했었다. 인간 인구에 대해서 글을쓴 Malthus 는 미확인된 번식이 인구를 기하학적으로 증가하게 한다. 그런 반면에 음식 공급은 더 느리게 증가한다. 비록 잔인하지만 단순한 결과는 사람의 숫자가 음식의 양보다 빠르게 증가한다. 그래서 몇몇은 살고 대부분은 죽는다. Wallace의 마음에 똑같은 원리가 종들에게도 적용된다는 것이 순간적으로 떠올랐다.Wallace 자신의 말에서나에게 왜 몇몇은 죽고 몇몇은 살아남는가라는 질문을 하였다. 그리고 그 다답은 분명하였다. 전체적으로 가장 적합한 것이 살아남는다. 질병의 영향으로부터 대부분의 건강한 생명체들은 영향을 받지 않고 적으로부터 가장 강력하고 가장 신속하고 가장 교활한 것이 살아남는다. 또한 기근으로부터 최고의 사냥꾼이나 가장좋은 소화능력을 가진 것이 살아남는 식이다.그런다음에 나는 즉시 모든 살아있는 생명체들의 현재의 변화성은 실제 상황에 덜 적응한 것을 잡아먹음으로서 영양분을 공급하였을것이고 가장 적합한 것만이 계속해서 살아남을 것이다. 그러나 내가 좀더 그것에 대해서 생각할수록 나는 좀더 종의 기원에 대한 문제를 풀 수 있는 " one linked to the other. For Darwin, and for students new to the study of evolution, the theory that new needs produce new parts is an intellectual obstacle to clear reasoning, an obstacle that, unfortunately, Lamarck helped popularize and current culture perpetuates.Upward to perfectionThe proposed course of evolution championed by Lamarck was also in error. The concept of the "ladder, or scale, nature" (scala naturae) goes back to Aristotle, who proposed it as a ranking system. Since then, it has expanded, adding the notion that the ranking, in fact, represents an evolutionary direction: Life starts with he lowest and moves to the highest organism, progressively upward toward perfection. Evolutionists, like Lamarck, viewed life metaphorically as ascending a ladder, one rung at a time, up toward the complex and perfected. After a spontaneous origin, organisms progressed up this metaphorical ladder of nature through the course of many generations. Unfortunately, remnants of this idea