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Maritime_Delimitation_and_Territorial_Questions

Maritime Delimitation and Territorial QuestionsBetween Qatar and BahrainOn 16 March 2001 the International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave judgment in what was then its most long-running case. It was in 1987 that Qatar and Bahrain had begun a process of attempting to agree upon the submission of their differences to the Court, but although they were able to agree upon the subject matter in dispute, they could not agree upon its legal characterization and the manner in which the dispute should be placed before the Court. That notwithstanding, and basing itself upon the agreed minutes of a meeting held at Doha in December 1990, Qatar unilaterally instituted proceedings against Bahrain on 8 July 1991. Bahrain raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the case which were first addressed by the Court in its judgment of July 1994 and, application was declared admissible in Feb. 1995. During the course of the subsequent written pleadings a further dis authenticity of 82 documents annexed to the Qatar Memorial and, following exchanges on the matter, Qatar announced that it would not rely on the dispute documents. Oral hearings were held in May 2000 and judgment given some ten months later. The two principal elements of the case concern, first, the dispute title to, and status of, a number of islands, maritime features and a portion of the Qatar peninsula and, secondly, the course of the maritime boundaries between them. The case was extremely complex, with disputed characterizations of the physical and legal issues which needed to be examined in the context of the developing and fluctuating extent of British and Ottoman involvement in the region, culminating in Britain adopting agreements with various Sheikhdoms by which they became ‘protected’ states, but retained an independent status.Zubarah comprises a portion of the northwest part of the Qatar peninsula over which Bahrain claimed sovereignty. Bahrain argued that its title had buntil 1937 and was based upon ‘contextually proportionate effective occupation’ and the ‘regional standard of fealty of the inhabitants of Zubarah to the Ruler of Bahrain’. With complex historical background in 1937, the Court confirmed that ‘Qatar has sovereignty over Zubarah’.The Hawar Islands are located immediately off the west coast of the Qatar Peninsula, and some 10 nautical miles south east of Bahrain Island. Qatar based its claim to the islands on their proximity to the Peninsula and their being considered to form and integral part of the mainland coast. Bahrain, on the other hand basing itself on the Island of Palmas case, argued that contiguity played no role in determining title to territory and pointed to a sustained history of possession and control over the island.Against this complex background, the Court took what might be thought as of the line of least resistance. Rather than consider the difficult and complex issues concerning the questions of original title, the reof the effectivities and the role of uti possedetis juris to the facts of the case, it focused on the 1939 decision and ultimately concluded that it was binding on the parties and thus the Harwar Islands were subject to Bahrain sovereignty.Janan is located off the southwestern tip of the main Hawar Island, a little under 3 miles for Qatar’s low water line, some 1.6n miles from Hawar Island itself and some 17n miles from Bahrain. Qatar again based its claim on the proximity of the island to Qatar and that they partially lay within the three mile limit drawn from the coast. Bahrain pointed out that only a part of Janan lay within the three mile limit, that proximity was not a basis of title and that if it were, then Janan was closer to Hawar Island than to Qatar. Bahrain also pointed to the use of Janan by Bahrain fisherman and its buoying and marking of the waters as evidence of its sovereignty. Finally, the Court confirmed that ‘Qatar has sovereignty over Janan Island’.On March 16, 200t of Justice (ICJ) finally decided the merits of Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain). This comprehensive case led the Court to make the following four findings of sovereignty over territory: territory: Qatar over Zubarah; Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; Qatar over Janan Island; and Bahrain over Qit'at Jaradah. In addition, it decided that the low tide elevation of Fasht ad Dibal falls under the sovereignty of Qatar. The same formula also led the Court to decide on a single boundary dividing the parties' territorial seas, continental shelves, and exclusive economic zones (EEZs), based on an equidistance line that was modified to give reduced effect to islands and other maritime feature. This finding was based on customary international law since neither Qatar nor Bahrain was a party to the 1958 Conventions on the law of the sea.In this case, as the Court decided that the Harwar Islands were subject to Bahrain sovereignty, it resul

법학| 2010.11.25| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(141)

영토분쟁, 국제법 사례

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흡연과 폐암의 상관관계

Factor vs DiseasePurposeTo analyze increasing ozone depletion on our skin healthSmoking and Cancer2008470026 Kim, RyunimTable of ContentsPurpose Literature Review Hypothesis Data Analysis Correlation Analysis Regression Analysis F-test ConclusionLung Cancer - Smoking Related FactsIt is well documented that cigarette smoke is the major cause of lung cancer (primary carcinoma of the lung) and is a cause of chronic lung disease. As well as lung cancer, tobacco smoke contributes to cancer of the bladder, pancreas, and kidney. From http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/lung-cancer.htmlAccording to the American Cancer Society, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. Cigarette smoking is directly responsible for 87% of lung cancer cases in the United States annually. From American Cancer SocietyHypothesisH0 = There is no relations between Cigarette consumption and Lung cancer incidence rate H1 = There is relations between Cigarette consumption and Lung cancer incidence rateRaw dataCigarette Consumption in KoreaDomesticImportedTOTAL1989888**************************99399991994989819**************************1410619981019.3110.31999928.9100.92000959.7104.7Source: KT G Management Information Office(Billion cigarettes)(Independent variable)Lung Cancer IncidenceMaleFemaleTOTAL198919.36.726199020.87.728.5199122.07.729.7198224.49.033.4199325.49.134.5199428.09.537.5199528.19.637.7199928.710.039.7199730.510.941.4199830.710.541.2199932.811.344.1200032.111.643.7(rate per 100,000 population)(Dependent variable)Source: Korean National Statistics Office Annual Report on the Cancer Incident StatisticsSimple Linear Regressionyi = a value of the dependent variable (Lung Cancer Incidence Rate) xi = a value of the independent variable (Cigarette Consumption in Korea) b0 = the y-intercept of the regression line b1 = the slope of the regression line ei = random error, the residualyi = b0 + b1xi + eiScattered DiagramCorrelationsX is Cigarette Consumption in KoreaY is Lung Cancer Incidence Rateŷ is Lung cancer incidence rateX is cigarette consumption rate in KoreaRegressionX is Cigarette Consumption in KoreaY is Lung Cancer Incidence RateF - testCalculatedF=MSRMSE=SSR1SSE(n–2)=33.004.96Calculated F=33.00ConclusionAir pollution, Eating habit, Genetic factor, Stress, etc..H0 = There is no relations between Cigarette consumption and Lung cancer incidence rate is rejected at 95% confidence level.Implications_ There is enough evidence that cigarette consumption has an effect on incidence of lung cancer.Thank You!{nameOfApplication=Show}

사회과학| 2010.06.06| 17페이지| 2,000원| 조회(268)

SPSS, 흡연, 폐암, 통계자료, regression, 폐암발생률, F-test, 담배판매량

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IMPACT ON HOME AND HOST DEVELOPING ECONOMES

Home and host economies can benefit from FDI, but it also carries some risks. The most important potential home country gain from outward FDI is the improved competitiveness and performance of the firms and industries. In the mean time, outward FDI can lead reduction of domestic investment, lower additions to capital stock and loss of jobs. Consequences of FDI can be affected by various factors such as the level of development of a country, its economic structure, and its policies.Because of significant data limitations and few research results, analyzing the impact of outward FDI from developing countries is very difficult. Therefore the starting point is considering that how internationalization may affect an investing firm’s competitiveness and performance.1. Outward FDI and the competitiveness of developing country TNCsThe impact of outward FDI on the competitiveness of firms may translate into broader economic benefits such as expanding market access, enhancing efficiency and acquiring natural resources and strategic assets. While outward FDI can improve firm’s competitiveness, it also leads several risks. Firstly, the disadvantage of being foreign for newly established foreign affiliate. Secondly, higher coordination, governance and transaction cost due to cultural, social, and institutional differences. Thirdly, higher levels of complexity.Outward FDI is apt to seek cheap labor, natural resource, strategic asset, and technology sourcing. From the empirical evidence, financial and performance gains are major benefits from FDI. But, outward FDI is subject to various risks and difficulties in integrating their acquired overseas operations and non-expectation FDI performances.2. Outward FDI and the competitiveness and restructuring of home-country industriesTo improve industrial competitiveness in home economy, the role of outward FDI is very important in that industrial competitiveness is related to processing upgrading, product upgrading, functional upgrading, and chain upgrading. The role of outward FDI is linkages with local firms, spillovers to local firms, transferring technology, acquiring managerial expertiseTo sustain economic growth and move towards higher value-added activities, countries need to change the composition of output, employment and exports, across sectors, industries or types of activities as they grow. Successful restructuring helps create new home countries. However, the process of restructuring is related to “hollowing out” of the domestic production base especially in manufacturing sector.3. Macroeconomic, trade and employment effects in the home economyThe impact of outward FDI on home country financial flows and balance of payments includes outflows of capital and inflows such as investment income, royalties, fees and service charges associated with the FDI. In an initial phase, outward FDI tends to result in net financial outflows, later this gradually changes to net inflows.From the perspective of development and growth, domestic investment tends to support that outward FDI has a positive impact on home country investment. However, there are some differences due to differences in motivations or the stage of outward FDI, or to differences in domestic resource endowments.The relationship between outward FDI and home country trade depends on the motivations of a country’s TNCs and industry characteristics. Empirical evidence shows FDI and home country exports are complements rather than substitute. In high income developing countries outward FDI was a contributory factor for enhancing exports.Employment is the area that found divergence of interest between TNCs and governments. Outward FDI effect on employment depends on the kind of investment undertaken and the degree to which inputs are sourced from the home country. From the empirical evidence, the job-creating effect of FDI exceeded its job-substituting effect.Empirical evidence shows that outward FDI has a net positive effect on the investor firms’ performance. It has been one of the factors of successful industrial restructuring, along side sustained economic growth. Policies are also important factor for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the negative impacts of outward FDI.IMPACT ON HOME AND HOST DEVELOPING ECONOMESA. Impact on Home Economies

경영/경제| 2010.06.06| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(128)

FDI, MNC, host ecnoomy, TNC

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Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment

Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct InvestmentThe global economic growth has increased especially in Asian economy since financial crises were done. China and India were enjoying great economic growth and FDI by regulatory reform and liberalization.Foreign Direct Investment is a category of cross-border investment made by a resident entity in one economy with the objective of establishing a “lasting interest” in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the investor.Even if the global environment for foreign direct investment improved in 2005, there are still some risks such as macroeconomic fact (interest rate, equity prices) and political factor which related to national security and other essential public interest.There are several major countries of FDI. In the U.S.A., even though US FDI inflows and outflows decreased compare to previous year, it is still relatively high in a longer perspective. Japan showed significant increase for FDI outflows from reinvested earnings in existing projects. German FDI inflows and outflows recovered in 2005, but most outflows concentrated on the “old” EU countries. United Kingdom was the largest recipient of inward FDI in 2005 which was connected with the restructuring of a large hydrocarbons producer. In contrast, France was the largest outward direct investor in 2005. Czech Republic, as a new OECD member, was very successful to lure FDI in 2005. Mexico maintained the FDI inflows that mostly went to manufacturing sector.There are several factors that have an impact on FDI inflows and outflows such as market growing speed, market size, production costs, and degree of risk. In that U.S.A. is the lowest-risk investment location and the equity prices have been mostly firm, U.S.A. is one of the most attractive countries for investment. These factors are combined and influenced MNCs’ decision where to invest.FDI to non-OECD countries held up strongly in 2005 that showed a few general trends. Brazil was the largest recipient in South America, and Argentina gradually recovered from the effects of the financial crisis. However, a large number of unresolved investor/state arbitration cases exist. FDI in Chile is related to infrastructure, especially transport, communication and electricity. China is the largest recipient of FDI which was toward manufacturing investment at first and now is beginning to swing toward the service sectors. FDI into India continues to increase, but some sectors remain closed to foreign investors. Outward FDI was mainly the form of cross-border mergers and acquisition. The main sectors of inward FDI in Russia were manufacturing and energy sector.Mergers and acquisitions are one element in total FDI flows. M&A was mostly related to the high-tech euphoria, but recently M&As have been much more evenly distributed across sectors. U.S.A. and U.K. are the main targets for M&A. And Northern European and the Asian economies are also important. M&A for those important economies has certain tends that recent M&As are tend to increase in the energy and natural resource sector, information and communications sector, and pharmaceutical and medical industries in the view of national security.These days several concerns are rising about national security such as access to resources and public utilities. For my view, one of the most important issues is access to natural resources which Korea has almost nothing. Since raw materials are the essential elements for everything even very small things, continuous supply of raw materials is very important for national security. In that recently, problem of scarcity of raw materials has been raised in the international society, competitions for getting raw materials will be getting fierce. Therefore Korean government should prepare for procuring essential natural resources by increasing FDI to resource abundant countries.

경영/경제| 2010.06.06| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(155)

투자, 해외직접투자, FDI, economic growth

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WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT

World Development Report 2003During the past 30 years, sustainable gains in human welfare have been increasing. The infant mortality rate and illiteracy rate was cut in half and real per capita income rose significantly. However, still 2.8 billion people are suffering from absolute poverty. The main challenge for sustainable development is about improving well-being and protecting what people value and want to pass on to their children. The role of social capital is more important for developing countries to increase economic and social development. Development strategies will need great leaders and institutions to introduce better policies, aids, migration, and knowledge-sharing regimes.Problems and opportunities arise wherever people live. During several decades, even if living condition has been much better; increasing world GDP and education level and decreasing urban air pollution in many fast growing cities, there are still many social and environmental problems associated with polve the sophisticated problems, major policies are reform of education systems, management of ecosystems, or change the use of urban space. Traditionally, many natural assets are regarded as they were openly available to almost everyone and were unlimited renewable. Therefore cooperative solutions and restraint of the taking of assets by institutions are needed.Protective institutions embody well-delimited rights of use and decision making for an owner. The security of property rights is closely associated with the rule of law. Government can correct many market failures and imperfections through such good policies or through subsidies to encourage activities that have positive spillovers. However, sometimes unsuitable policies are adopted because of inability of the dispersed interests in society. Thus, cooperative solutions are needed such as “win-win” policies. To create “win-win” policies, institutions must perform key functions. First, picking up signals and listening to massagessts for improving institutions. First is empowerment through improved access to assets. Second is increased democratization. Third is inclusion and participation.Improving Livelihoods on Fragile LandsA great number of people in developing countries survive on fragile lands such as arid and mountainous areas with lack of natural resources. These fragile lands are mostly located in East and South Asia and the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, even in fragile area, people still have a modest portfolio of assets such as traditional social capital, human capital, and indigenous knowledge. But the problem is that national institutions could not pick up social and environmental signals from the periphery and they failed to share the benefits with local communities to improve their capabilities and quality of life. Recently, boosting yields in fragile areas and more balanced institutional arrangement for mineral development are helping to break vicious circles.Public, private, and ctions, key rural development challenges are eliminating rural poverty and preparing out-migrants, intensifying agricultural production that leads to dynamic rural-urban linkages which makes investments in rural health and education more effective, getting ahead of the frontier that provides incentives for more intensive development nearer to cities, and creating off-farm opportunities.Getting the Best Form CitiesLarge groups of people in close enable industries to be more active as well as generate negative externalities. There are some key urban development challenges to alleviate those negative externalities. First, anticipating and providing for urban growth. As urbanization speed is faster, providing infrastructure networks in advance is very important. By settlement in planned neighborhoods, costs can be reduced. Second is empowering the poor through access to assets. The security of tenure reduces some of the risks so it makes people invest in their houses and shops. Ultimately, . Institutions need to pick up signals of the problems and agree on its nature. Learning and adopting is another key factor. And institutions need to build local capacity for assessment, negotiation, and action to induce socially responsible behavior.For conserving biodiversity, solutions need to consider entire ecosystems and social systems. Ecosystem management institutions will take different forms depending on the prevailing systems of tenure and governance; aquatic ecosystem, frontier forests, common in transition, and fragmented habitats.Mitigating climate change and adapting to its risks are considered as a global problem. As global warming is going on, sea level goes up fast and desertification is accelerated. To understand this problem, there are three points to consider. First, emissions per capita in industrial countries are much higher than in developing countries. Second, developing countries will nonetheless emit substantially more in the aggregate than industrial countrir.

경영/경제| 2010.06.06| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(262)

개발, world development, Sustainable Devel..

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