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[영문학]English as an International Language 평가A좋아요

English is sustainableas an International Language.IntroductionIn our everyday communication, no language can replace our own native language. However, the world has become so different from former times and has become much smaller and closer, as a globalised world. As the world becomes smaller and people of the world become closer, there are a growing number of encounters between peoples of different countries. In this global world, people essentially need an international communication tool. If there is no international communication tool, it is certain that more communication problems will arise between people. Because modern technology increases the interactions between foreigners, it still cannot provide us with a tool to aid communicate between them.Therefore, people need to learn a language that can be used internationally. Today, among 3,000 spoken languages that are used over the world, it is English that is most widely used as an international communication tool referred to anection with culture. Therefore to understand and use English suitably, we must learn about the English-speaking culture. Of course English is based on the western culture; the people who do not live in western cultures have difficulty in understanding English perfectly because of cultural differences. And then, non-native speakers of English can hardly express their thought completely using English. Therefore the cultural uniqueness of English can still cause problems even if users of differing culture can communicate between each other.- Difficult to learnEnglish is also not an easy language to learn for non-English users who want to study it. One of the most difficult aspects is that even English is a phonetic language that uses an alphabet that does not use phonetic spelling. That is to say that there is big difference between pronunciation and phonetic notation. For instance, same [i] pronunciation can be written in other alphabets like believe, receive, leave, machine, be, or seethat the decline of the United States came out more than a hundred years ago, and according to those predictions, the United States’ hegemony should be dwindled already but it is not yet significantly. The United States are still the most powerful country in the world, and there is as yet no current alternative.Domination of language connects directly with the leading power of scientific technology and as long as English leads the technological innovation and the information revolution, the domination of English will not dwindle. Although Japanese scientific technology is rapidly developing, they are not invested in as wide a range of technologies as the United States is. English has been the most powerful language in science and technology for a long time. Most scientific papers and journals are published in English first. About 80 percent of the total information on computers is stored in English. It is the gateway to the flood of information in modern society. About 75 percent of thot the most popular language of all, if people who speak Chinese and Hindi use and learn English, English can be considered as the dominate international language.- Language and cultureLanguage carries culture. Nobody can deny that they are bound by each other. As the Chinese economy grows rapidly and the possibility of China’s growth is valued higher, many people in the other countries will focus on learning Chinese rather than English. However, it is fundamentally focused on business in China, not trying to adopt an understanding of Chinese culture.English is contrasty different. Although the spread of English started from the pressures from English-speaking countries’, the highly developed society of the English-speaking world is an attractive enticement. Therefore many non-English-speaking countries try to learn English culture as well as English as a language in itself. Even if non-English-speaking countries can not sympathize with the culture of the English-speaking world, they uts to English as been the international language such as the expected weakening of the United States’ hegemony, difficulty of learning English, and culture problems of adopting English. However, in spite of all these problems, we still need a language for international communication due to the increasingly globalised world. Therefore, until new translation technology is developed or other means to aid communicating exist, we should learn a language to ease living in a globalised world. The international language of English will be the likely preference for now and into the future, because English is currently so widespread and in use for such a long time, it is the easiest and cheapest option, rather than to create or promote another current language in its place. Moreover, whatever language would be the international language; it may still have exactly the same problem with English. Thus, English is currently the best choice; none the less there still are some associated problems.Refe

인문/어학| 2006.06.15| 12페이지| 1,000원| 조회(1,282)

English, 국제어, International langua, global ..

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[영작]영국영어와 미국영어

American English and British English- Focus on the Phonological Level‘English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented in every continent’ (Crystal, 1997:106). From this fact, it can be easily understood that the English language is a significant means of communication for millions of people around the world.That is, English is an international language, spoken habitually in many countries both as a native and as a second or foreign language, for example, the United States, the British Isles, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many territories under the United Kingdom and the United States of America.So, people usually say “We speak ‘English’”, but this cannot be said so sweepingly. ‘English’ as a Lingua Franca does not only mean a language which British People have used. At present, there are a variety of Englishes millions of people worldwide use.Four hundred years ago, at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, English was spoken exclusively during the twentieth century, American English was influential, a credit to America's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade, and technology, including the Internet.Of the varying Englishes, many of which we have mentioned, we chose two varieties of English for the subject of our research paper; British English(BrE), the origin of English, and American English(AmE), which has had a powerful influence over other countries. In addition, out of all the level of variations, we focused on the phonological level. As pronunciations between AmE and BrE are similar but not exactly same, so can they bring misunderstandings like below.Pronunciation of “A”There is an amusing anecdote about differences in pronunciation:One Englishman who came from the countryside enlisted in the army and went to Iraq. An American journalist asked him for an interview and he was openmouthed with surprise because the Englishman said “We came to Iraq to die.” Actually, he said “We came here today.” Butnounced “ask” as [æsk], but Hugh Grant’s friends pronounced “ask” as [a:sk].(“can’t” and “ask” pronunciations are attached in CD as AVI filessourced from British Movie “Notting Hill”)This is because of the “a” pronunciation. The words with ‘a’ followed by [f],[θ],[s],[nt],[ns],[ntʃ],[nd],[mp] (e.g. laugh[f], path[θ], grass, pass[s], plant[nt], dance[ns], branch[ntʃ], demand [nd], sample[mp]) have [æ], which is called “short A” in American and [a:] which is called “broad A” in British pronunciation. (Peter Trudgill & Jean Hannah, 1994)Pronunciation of “T”Another well-known movie, ‘Love Actually’, is also a good example of the differences in pronunciation between AmE and BrE. In this movie, an unattached British man travels to America, counting on his native accent to help him meet women. Fortunately he meets some girls who love the British and he had an enjoyable Christmas. In one scene, he spoke some words with his British pronunciation and the girls loved it. One of the words was “botonunciation between AmE and BrE is, undoubtedly, rhotic versus non-rhotic pronounciation.Here’s a simple example;I got into my car, drove to the store, and bought some bottled water and some watery ice. (http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1126251401.shtml)If someone uses AmE, he will fully pronounce the letter “r” in every word it appeared in. On the other hand, someone who uses BrE probably will not pronounce the “r” in “car”, “store”, or “water”, but he will do pronounce it on “drove” and “watery.”In the BBC News, the announcer pronounced like that;Joanna Simpson reports[ripɔ́:ts]....four[fɔ:] hundred eighty six performance[pərfɔ́:məns].The milestone was star[sta:] studded affair [əfɛ́ə].The composer[kəmpóuzə] ... never[névə:] seen before....voice teacher[tí:tʃə:](BBC News is attached in CD as a mp3 filesourced from www.bbc.co.uk ‘Phantom breaks record’)This sentence shows a typical example of BrE pronunciation.Fortunately I keep my feathers numbered for just such an emergency.[fɔ́:tʃ- (auto)bahn.We have considered three categories; “a” pronunciation, “t” pronunciation and “rhotic” pronunciation. As we saw above, AmE and BrE have small but distinctive differences.However, there is no way to judge which is more superior between AmE and BrE according to their influence; respectively, AmE has a broad power over other countries and BrE is the origin of English. Rather, there are some steps to follow.First, we have to clearly understand the differences between AmE and BrE and acknowledge them. Finally, we have to understand each other’s differences in pronunciation. To do so will help people who use either American English or British English to communicate efficiently.REFERENCESBookAlastair Pennycook 1998, English and the discourses of colonialism, Routledge, London.Brian Foster 1968, The changing English language, St. Martin’s Press, London.Dennis Freeborn (ed.) 1998, From old English to standard English, university of Ottawa Press, Ottawa.E. S. C. Weiner 1983, The Oxfotm

인문/어학| 2006.06.11| 6페이지| 1,000원| 조회(413)

English, 미국영어, 영국영어, American English, Briti..

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[사회학]abortion - 유산 평가A+최고예요

The Abortion is a Murder.The actual condition of the abortionEvery year, about 5500 to 7000 million abortions are presumed to happen around the world; about 200 million of these abortion being carried out in the United States. In the United States, since the well known Roe vs. Wade case, it is legal to decide to terminate a pregnancy up until 12th week of pregnancy. Many countries legally allow abortion like the United States, and abortion occurs secretly in many countries that prohibit it; most people know how to obtain an abortion even though it is illegal. Abortion has nothing to do with legality; it has happened from past to the present, and will happen again in the future. Moreover, in the countries that allow legal abortion, it still is a controversial and sensitive topic with a combination of ethical, medical, social, and religious issues.Definition of abortionAbortion has two definitions. The first one is “Termination of pregnancy and expulsion of an embryo or of a foetus that of thought all have different view points of when the foetus is human being. These differing assertions cannot be reconciled.Reasons for abortionThere are many reasons for abortion, for example; unwanted pregnancy, conception before marriage, an inability to care for the child and the discovery of congenital malformation. These factors can lend support to pro-choice assertions, but can also provoke criticism.Pro-choicePeople are divided into two distinctive groups, those who advocate legal abortion and those who do not, based on which individual’s interests they give priority to. The Pro-choice group consists of people who prioritise the interests of the mother and support legal abortion.Pro-choice people agree with legal abortion. They recognize the dignity of the man, but they do not recognize a foetus as a human being. They believe that the foetus is not a human being until the 12th week of pregnancy. It is still a potential life, but not exactly a human being. According to this lotended pregnancy can destroy the lives of parents and babies are often given as a reason for legal abortion.Another factor that supports Pro-choice is that abortion can prohibit congenital malformation. This is a big problem that can hurt the lives of parents and the baby. This reasonable logic: we are all human beings who feel sympathy for the misfortune of others. Moreover people are aware of that life of the disabled must be hard. Therefore, people can understand that everyone who finds that their baby has the congenital malformation may well have an abortion.The last reason for Pro-choice is that abortion cannot be effectively prohibited as far as the technology to have abortion exists and it will be further developed. Nobody, even the government, can prohibit the development of technology, and if the technology for abortion exists, people will not stop having illegal abortions. Rather than increase victims through the illegal abortion, it would be better to allow abortion through reasons, their assertions and reasons may seem to be weaker than those of Pro-choice, but this does not mean that the assertion of Pro-life is not more reasonable than those of Pro-choice. There are some other reasons and opinions against the Pro-choice though.For example, abortion is not just killing a foetus – it can also be very harmful to the mother’s health and furthermore, it can cause future miscarriage and habitual miscarriage. In terms of health, it is not good to have an abortion.The Pro-choice asserts that the choices and lives of the parents are important. But unintended pregnancy cannot justify abortion: that abortion is inevitable because unintended pregnancy has already happened is not acceptable logic. Abortion is just a tool, and not a result. The technological tool that solves problem cannot be used as a reason to justify the work that already happened.Additionally, we should not choose abortion to as a solution to congenital malformation. Even though we are human beil, but still, it is a murder and cannot be justified on account of the foetus being a human. We must not take an abortion even as a last resort. We should formulate better policies to deal with unintended pregnancies, and develop medical science to cure congenital malformation. This is the time to face the problems and solve them, not avoid them through with abortion.ReferenceBookMarlene Gerber Fried (ed.) 1990, From abortion to reproductive freedom : transforming a movement, South End Press, Boston.Patricia Lunneborg 1992, Abortion : a positive decision, Bergin & Garvey, New York.Kate Maloy & Maggie Jones Patterson 1992, Birth or abortion? : private struggles in a political world, Plenum Press, New York.Kaye Healey (ed.) 1992, Whose life is it?, Spinney Press, Wentworth Falls.Louis P. Pojman & Francis J. Beckwith (eds.) 1994, The abortion controversy : a reader, Jones and Bartlett, Boston.Robert M. Baird & Stuart E. Rosenbaum (eds.) 1993, The ethics of abortion : pro-life vs. pro-choi

사회과학| 2006.06.02| 8페이지| 1,000원| 조회(1,054)

유산, Pro-Life, Abortion, Pro-Choice

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