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(research paper) Language and Gender

Language and GenderLanguage is not only an essential factor to convey someone’s idea to others, but also a crucial tool to express emotion or intention. Due to the presence of language, people who live in the same culture can communicate with the others without discomfort. However, even in the same culture that uses the same language, there are some differences between men’s language and women’s language. In this project, thus, I researched those distinctions depending on gender through observing a conversation between my aunt and uncle. My aunt is from South Korea and 53 years old. My uncle is also from South Korea, 54 years old, and he is an expert engineer. Both of them can communicate in English with English speakers without difficulty, and they own their private business in Chicago.The following conversation is between my aunt and uncle at dinnertime.Uncle : Did Mr.Ahn call me today?Aunt : No, he didn’t. By the way, what did he do to the machine?Uncle : He said that the clutch was misconnected, anyway it is an electricity problem. It’s useless to change the motor.” However, while he eventually tried to change the motor, he mistakenly…(broke the clutch)Aunt : But he has no idea about electricity, doesn’t he? How many were broken?Uncle : Just one machine. So, Mr.Ahn said, “I will call you after I check the model number”. By the way, when does Jihye get back?Aunt : This..Fri…(This Friday)Uncle : Then, when do you go to Florida and when do you come back?Aunt : I will go this Sunday and turn back next Wednesday. You should have take meals yourself, Ok?Uncle : Ok, sure.Aunt : It’s really windy today, isn’t it?Uncle : Yes, it is. By the way, Sunghoon, does the Chicago Bulls play the game tonight?First of all, I could find that my aunt uses some tag questions for the various reasons, whereas my uncle barely speaks a tag question. It supports the theory that women tend to use more tag questions to achieve an effect suggesting their doubtfulness, easing conversation, or s. Another example is that in line (6), she says, “doesn’t he?” at the end of her first sentence in order to soften and her criticism of Mr.Ahn. In line (10), also, she uses “Ok?” as a tag question. By using this tag question, she intends not only to ease conversation, but also to get agreement from my aunt. Contrastively, I could not find any tag questions from my uncle.Another interesting feature that I could see from my data is that my uncle talks more than usual when he talks about the washing and drying machine with my aunt. It can be one of the good cases of the theory that male experts tend to talk more than usual when they talk with female nonexperts about their area of expertise (Thomas). A good example is that in line (5), my uncle explains concretely about the problems of the machine, and it is a longer discussion than any other in my data.Actually, overlapping and interruption do not have big distinguishable differences even though many linguists have attempted to clearly d more overlapping than men do (167). Likewise, I could confirm that from my data. For instance, in line (6), my aunt cuts in uncle’s discussion, but this interference does not change the topic, and it is used to get more information about the number of broken machines. For these reasons, it is an overlapping. In contrast, in line (9), similarly, my uncle interrupts my aunt’s mention. As a result of this interference, however, it is the opposite of overlapping such as changing of topic, and my aunt could not get any more information after the interruption.Another area of differences between male speech and female speech is frequency of using emphatic modifiers such as “so”, “very”, or “really”. According to Robin Lakoff, women tend to use more emphatic modifiers (Brown and Attardo 164). In my data, I could see that my aunt uses them more than my uncle does. In line (4), my aunt says, “It’s very unusual case that the clutch is broken”. The “very” in this sentence is emphatic modifiers tho linguists, men often tend to change their topic more suddenly than women do. On the other hand, women tend to maintain the topic that they are discussing or talking about (Brown and Attardo 168). My data has some examples to support this idea. In line (9), (13), and (7), my uncle begins to talk about totally different topic from what they have discussed before, and after his speech, the topic is changed. In contrast, in line (2), (4), and (6), my aunt tries to keep talking about what has been said by giving questions related to the topic that is being discussed.To conclude, from doing this project, I learned that our society still has sexual discrimination such as men interrupt women more or they try to control or dominate the conversation. However, if we stop doing discrimination and begin to recognize our differences, men and women can communicate with each other easier, and it will eventually lead to a great foundation for a better society.Works CitedBrown, Steven, and Salvatore A2.

인문/어학| 2012.06.07| 5페이지| 3,000원| 조회(211)

gender, Thomas, language, linguistic, societ..

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(research paper) speech act-compliments

Language and PragmaticsWhat is the role of language? It may not be only one answer to this question, but obviously the ultimate function is to communicate with other people. In the process of communication, the words that people use change with situations. Sometimes they apologize or complain to other people. Also they might compliment somebody or request something from another person. All these kinds of utterance people produce are called speech acts, and every single speech act has various communicative functions depending on situations or contexts (Brown and Attardo 69-70). For this project, thus, I researched some communicative functions of compliments in Korea through observing three different conversations. The first conversation, which I observed, is between my younger brother and my aunt. Another one is between my cousin and her friend, and the last one is among my uncle, aunt, and an employee of their store.The following conversation is between my aunt and my younger brother.(r example, in line (1-1), my aunt initiates a compliment about my brother’s looks, especially his hairstyle, by using a very typical pattern used in the majority of compliments. As we can see her first sentence, she says “wow, you look so good.” This sentence is following one of the most typical patterns of compliments (Noun phrase + is/looks (really) + adjective), which is defined by Joan Manes and Nessa Wolfson (Rose 312). The other compliment sentence of my aunt in line (1-1) seems like very common form as well (I + (really) like/love + noun phrase). In addition she is using one of the most often used adjectives (good) and verbs (like) for compliments. As a response of my aunt’s compliments, my younger brother speaks vaguely and actually does not respond to her words.This following conversation is between my cousin and her friend.(2-1) Her friend : Hi Jihye, what’s your grade of math? Did you do well on your exam?(2-2) My cousin : No…C or B. Maybe I will get the worst score I’ve eve can get a bettergrade next semester.(2-4) Cousin : Yes I know. But, I’m not confident seriously. I think I should meet mycounselor and advisor.Another important function of compliments in the United States is that compliments are used to reinforce desired behavior (Thomas). I could see that this function plays the same role in Korean as American English. For instance, in line (2-3) her friend initiates compliments by using a typical pattern (Pronoun + be + adjective + noun phrase) defined by Manes and Wolfson (Rose 312). Also, she encourages my cousin by saying, “I’ve never seen smarter students than you.” It is a frequently used way to compliment someone in Korea, which is to humble speakers themselves and cheer someone up. As a response, my cousin rejects her friend’s compliments. Her friends says that my cousin is the smartest student she has ever seen, and she encourages her to take the same course one more time next semester. However, my cousin gives her friends disagreeing utterthat work withplugging in the cord! Do you want to die for electronic shock? Please,please use your head!(3-4) Employee : I’m sorry….Mr. Moon(3-5) Uncle : Shut up. You should not have made this mistake. It is directly related toyour safety(3-6) Aunt : honey, please stop yelling out to him. Even though sometimes he makes amistake, he is a really nice and diligent man. Also, he is good at other works likelifting heavy products(3-7) Uncle : (to employee) if you make the same mistake just one more time, I’ll fireyou. Ok?(3-8) Employee : ….The conversation above is among my uncle, aunt, and an employee of their store. The situation is that my uncle really gets upset with the employee for his critical mistake, so my aunt tries to soften uncle’s criticism by mentioning the good point of the employee. As we can see in line (3-6), her speech is following one of the syntactic compliment patterns (Noun Phrase + is/look + (really) + Adjective). In addition she uses one of the five adjectives (nicet other people to praise their appearance, encourage them to do desirable behavior, or soften face-threatening acts such as criticism. In addition, according to my data I could see that women give and receive more compliments than men do. However, the greatest feature of Korean compliment, which is different from United States, is that people do not easily accept a compliment. Usually they do not respond to it or reject it because Korean people have regarded modesty very highly from old times. A lot of Koreans think that accepting compliments could be seemed a bit haughty; therefore, if someone want to learn Korean as a second language, I hope to tell him or her that please consider seriously this Korean tradition.Work CitedBrown, Steven, and Salvatore Attardo. Understanding Language Structure, Interaction, and Variation: An Introduction to Applied Linguistics and Sociolinguistics for Nonspecialists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2005. Print.Rose, Kenneth R. "Compliments And Compl

인문/어학| 2012.06.07| 5페이지| 5,000원| 조회(115)

language, speech act, linguistic, society, l..

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