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Police Ethics, 경찰윤리, 경찰 도덕

Police EthicIt is not true that police ethics is probably an oxymoron. All of police’s tasks are closely related to ethic. Ethic is defined as the philosophical study of morality (williams & Arrigo). Ethic is placed in right conduct and understands moral concepts, principle, and theories. It also is a rules or standards to control the behavior of a people or members of a job. Roufa (2013) suggests compassion, integrity and professionalism for the answer to the question what good law enforcement officer make. Compassionate officer recognizes how to apply the law properly for a given situation and recognizes that the object of law enforcement laws is to help citizens. Officers with integrity are worthy of the public trust and will do the right thing no matter what, even when no one is looking. The professional officer is sharp, well groomed and articulate. In short, she presents the profession in a positive light and inspires trust and confidence from the public.According to recent pollsd.) is a declaration or succession of statements describing in detail about behavior and attitude of the public officials and the police officers. The code of ethic fosters the oath of office that is an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office. It also offers them guidance to when they make decisions ethically, and it delineates the basis duties of the office where people have come or go in or into. Additionally, the code of ethics provides guideline of fundamental for disciplinary action.A police officer as a public servant does not have entitlement to receive free coffee from citizens. However, some unethical police officers get a free cup of coffee in markets, stores, and gas stations, etc. Police officer should not receive any goods, services, and privileges for any individual profits from citizens by using their authority or position (Statter, 2012). If a police officer gets free coffee without payment, the officer will be sued because they abuor correctional officers and all officers should participate in those in-service training courses every year. Nevertheless, unethical correction officers commit sexual crime in their workplace. Correctional officers are required more ethics than other departments because prison is thoroughly separated with the public and general people cannot know and observe inside of jail.In addition, police officers are required more ethic than the public, the police swear protecting and serve for the citizens. Ethical Police officers commonly required while they are working, but off duty police officers' ethic is also very important as well; apprehending some duty off police officers for DWI, for example, has become big issues nowadays. The arrested officers are put in jail by their colleagues and they will lose their job. In turn, the police officers who act unethically in off duty would create distrust of the citizens. Therefore, the need of ethic of police officers should be in not only on duty cers conduct in a continuously shifting and enthusiastically social context in which they are exposed to a number of ethical conflicts. They constantly encounter potential violent and inspect suspects with question which can lead “police cynicism” (Peak, 2009). They often witness a horrific crime scene, which can destroy ethic boundary of police officers. For example, undercover operations are effective manner of drug investigations. It has increased greatly since the 1970s. Police officers have to have closely association with criminal to cultivate informants. It increases risk of stress-related illness, physical harm, and corruption. Many undercover cops are more likely to destroy family relationship, lose their identity, and adopt criminal persona (Peak, 2009). Therefore, examination and treatment regularly of all in-service police are required. In addition, Police officers' ethical training serves as a guide in building moral, ethical, and responsible police administration. The prounethical police work fairly and honestly, and they are more likely to commit crime. Therefore, it is necessary that police ethical training is established specifically and practically, and then currently criminal justice system should provide in-server police officers with regular ethical training.ReferenceAmicis, A. D. (2005). An ethical dilemma in corrections. Retrieved January, 20, 2010.Gilmartin, K. M. (2002). Emotional survival for law enforcement. ES Press, PMB, 233,2968.Martin, R. (2011). Police corruption: An analytical look into police ethics. FBI LawEnforcement Bulletin, 80(5), 11-17.Peak, K. J. (2009). Policing America: Challenges and best practices. (8th ed.,). UpperSaddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Roufa, T. (2013, February 20). Interview with Law Enforcement Training Officer TimRoufa – Part 2. Retrived from http://criminaljusticeschoolinfo.com/legal-justice-news/2013/02/interview-with-law-enforcement-training-officer-tim-roufa-part-2-20213/Roufa, T. (n.d.). Code ofall.

사회과학| 2016.05.18| 6페이지| 3,000원| 조회(123)

경찰윤리, Police Ethics, 경찰 도덕

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,Justice and Just Society, 정의와 정의사회, 사법 시스템, 범죄

What is “justice” and a “just” society?Justice is referred to as fairness in protection of rights and punishment of wrongs. Also, fairness means 'equity,' but does not mean 'equality' because equality does not always fairness. According to John Rawls (1958), justice and fairness are the same meaning, so distinguishing them or saying that one is more original mean that other one is meaningless. Taken as a whole, justice is about allocating welfares whose values are founded by their value to the relevant population. It also must be blind to personal preferences. Moreover, justice basically demands us to behave towards people as equals. We should be aware of justice to be able to know our right in advance to defend ourselves. Social justice efforts cannot merely be rationalizations of anyone individual benefit (Caravelis, as cited in Miller, 2015). There are many views to define social justice accurately. Social justice involves promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity. It is based on a principle that all people share a common humanity and therefore have a right to equitable treatment, assist for their human rights, and a fair allocation of community resources. In situations of social justice, people are not discriminated. Also, their welfare and well-being compelled, or biased on the basis of gender, sexuality, religion, political affiliations, age, race, conviction, disability, location, social class, socioeconomic circumstances, or other trait of background or group membership (Caravelis, 2015). David Miller explained that social justice deals with the distribution of good things like the advantages and bad things like the disadvantages in society, and more specifically with how these things should be distributed within society. In addition, social justice is closely connected with the method that resources are assigned to people by social institutions. Some of the advantages are related to social justice involve money, jobs, property, child care, education, medical care, care for the elderly, honors and prizes, personal security, housing, transportation, and opportunities for leisure. Some of the disadvantages contain military service, dangerous work, and other hardships. Miller's theory applied to both public properties as well as private commodities (Miller, 1999).Criminal Justice agencies working at local, state and federal level. These agencies include lawmakers, police, courts, and correctional facilities (Caravelis, 2015). Even though they perform their tasks different part, they have common goals of achievement of society justice, including crime control and due process. They are not only charged with trying to reduce crime in society, but they also must protect human right. All legal systems including criminal justice system aim to uphold this ideal through fair and proper administration of the law of the land, but it is possible to have unjust laws. Criminal Justice professionals have a mount of power and authority to reduce crimes and achieve justice for crime victims. Power involves controlling the action of others beyond the ethics of authority. Authority offers the lawful foundation for taking behavior. Regardless of the circumstance, the abuse of authority is a process that is tremendously harming to all people who find themselves on the receiving end of this rage. Most people think that it is necessary for police officers and correctional officers physically beat a suspect or inmate beyond the need or rationalization. Actually, we can often see that someone is savagely treated by the criminal justice agencies with lacks any notion of humanity (Roberson, 2009). It is against social justice, and can be unjust. Criminal justice system should be performed by legal procedure, and we should never forget the principle of due process to the justice society. Also, we need to think more deeply about this issue to social justice.ReferencesCaravelis, C. (2015). Social Justice, Criminal Justice: The Role of American Law inEffecting and Preventing Social Change. Routledge.Miller, D. (1999). Principles of social justice. harvard university Press.Rawls, J. (1958). Justice as Fairness. The Philosophical Review, 67(2), 164–194.http://doi.org/10.2307/2182612Roberson, C., & Mire, S. (2009). Ethics for Criminal Justice Professionals. CRC Press.P. 93-95.

사회과학| 2016.05.18| 3페이지| 2,500원| 조회(114)

범죄, Justice and Just Soc, 정의와 정의사회, 사법 시스템

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Exploring Human Sex Trafficking, 성매매, 인신매매, 국제범죄

Exploring Human Sex TraffickingExploring human sex traffickingNowadays, human trafficking is a kind of slavery involving the people’s transport or trade for the determination of work. Also, human trafficking is a $32 billion annual commerce. According to the United Nations, about 2.5 million people from all over the world are snared the net of human trafficking at any given time according to (Soroptimist, N,D). Human trafficking impacts people of all social classes, and people are trafficked for a multiplicity of purposes. For example, women and girls are typically trafficked into the traded sex industry. Polaris works on all forms of human trafficking and serves victims of slavery and human trafficking. We can know crisis of increasing human trafficking seriously through Polaris's statics. According to Polaris reports, total 19,724 cases of human trafficking have been informed to the NHTRC (The National Human Trafficking Resource Center) hotline and Polaris's BeFree Texting Helpline f widespread corruption and greed make sex trafficking quickly and easily proliferate. Even though national and international institutions may try to control and enforce anti-trafficking legislation, local governments and police forces may in fact be joining in sex trafficking rings. Besides, sex trafficking is really remunerative, especially in areas where chances for education and lawful employment may be inadequate. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the greatest numbers of traffickers are from Asia, followed by Central and Southeastern Europe, and Western Europe. The crime group of sex trafficking is also involved in the transnational trafficking of drugs and firearms. They frequently use violence as a means to carry out their activities (Soroptimist, N,D). Moreover, one overriding reason in the explosion of trafficking is the fundamental belief that the lives of women and girls are dispensable. In societies where women and girls are underrated or notcording to (Sharedhope, N,D). Some sex trafficking is observable, such as street prostitution. Nonetheless, many trafficking victims remain hidden, managing of unmarked brothels in unsuspicious. Sex traffickers may also manage of a multiplicity of public and private places, such as massage parlors, spas and strip clubs.The most serious problem is that pimps recruit girls from middle and high schools to use sex traffic criminal. Usually, teen-age girls hardly make a decision so trafficker and pimps deceit and manipulate them to tempt. Traffickers target locations youth frequent such as social media sites, schools, malls, parks, bus stops, shelters and group homes. Their target is not only runaway or homeless youth but also those with a history of physical and sexual abuse may have an increased risk of being trafficked. After recruiting, pimps and traffickers use physical, emotional and psychological abuse to put pressure on them into a life of se trafficking. Traffickers are master maniing definitely affects local and national labor markets owing to the loss of human resources. Sex trafficking destroys public health systems, and trafficking weakens government authority, strengthens widespread corruption, and intermediates the security of vulnerable populations.In 2015, Sunday Review posted a story of Poonam Thapa, who is a Nepali girl and has been sold to a brothel, on The New York Time. Poonam was a poor and uneducated girl. One day, a woman offered a well-paying job and told her “You can have a better life.” and “If you make good money, you will be respected by your father. You can help your family.” So Poonam escaped with the woman, when she was 12-year-old. Until Poonam was deposited in a brothel in Mumbai, India, she didn’t even know what a brothel was. Poonam was imprisoned inside the brothel, forced to have sex with 20 to 25 men a day, and didn’t have salary. If she tried to refuse customers or run away, she would be beaten. Poonam thus became one of 5 million credit card companies of Visa and MasterCard: “Pimps can no longer easily use American Express, Visa or MasterCard to pay for prostitution ads in which they sell 15-year-old girls as if they were pizzas.” (Kristof, 2015). Sheriff Tom Dart of Cook County, Ill., wrote strong letters to Visa and MasterCard, talking to them to finish allowing their cards to pay for sex advertisements on Backpage. Visa and MasterCard companies effectively consented. To its great credit, in April American Express stopped working with Backpage for sex advertisements, so as of the beginning of July pimps had no easy way to disburse for advertisements. Although there will still be human trafficking and pimps will find other ways to sell kids, it may not be quite so effortless for traffickers as it was.In addition, to eradicate the sex trafficking, we need some holistic and comprehensive strategy. The combat with the sex trafficking have to include both removing gender discrimination and deterring the demand fo_r=0

사회과학| 2016.05.18| 9페이지| 3,000원| 조회(150)

성매매, 국제범죄, 인신매매, Exploring Human Sex

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Broken Window Theory, 깨진 유리창 이론, 치안유지,

Broken Window: A Citizen Participation PolicingOutlineIntroductionSubtopic 1: Function of policingSupport: 1. Changing of police function2. Recent police function and typesSubtopic 2: Broken window policingSupport: 1. Existing research2. Argument of broken window theorySubtopic 3: Efforts of citizen participationSupport: 1. Programs for police-citizen linkageSubtopic 4: Involvement of citizenSupport: 1. Citizen OversightSubtopic 4: Challenge of policingSupport: 1. MulticulturalismSupport: 2. RacismConclusionIntroductionPolice who manage crime prevention and order maintenance protect the citizens’ life and property. Experts have found that the functions of police have significantly changed over the past fifty years. Since the 1970s, the “Broken Window Theory” for community crime prevention has been implemented into police’s daily tasks. The police are expected to oversee law enforcement, crime prevention, and provide general community services. In addition, police organizations have beeto researcher James Q. Wilson (Peak, 2009), the maintenance and protection of order is the major function of policing. The scope of police functions has expanded in consideration of community.Broken Window PolicingThe broken window theory has set a high value on changing many countries` policing policies by presenting the hypothesis that communities can solve crime problems in their respective districts. In 1982, the “Broken Windows model” of policing was first described in a seminal article by Wilson and Kelling. This model highlights the importance of disorder in controlling and maintaining more serious criminals (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Skogan (1992) recognizes the importance of controlling disorder and supports the broken window theory. He argues that controlling disorder is crucial; minority disorder leads to serious crimes. However, in 2001, Harcourt claimed that there is no significant relationship between disorder and serious crime, and this relationship is spurious (Lilly, Cuug, rape, and murder, etc. Therefore, under the premise that there is the significant relationship between disorder and serious crime, if police focus on disorder, they can make fear and resident withdrawal decrease and prevent serious crime in neighborhoods. Furthermore, according to Edwin Sutherland’s Principle of Differential Association Theory in 1939 (Schmalleger, 2015), criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication. Many offenders usually find a place where they can enjoy breaking window without police raid, they are more likely to have relationship with others who are living around there and impact on them as well as children. No one wants that his or her children grow in disorder society. We cannot ignore that disorder has strong impact on likelihood of potential serious crim. Therefore, police should strive to maintain disorder with having more community-oriented approach to partnering with residents.Participation of CitizenCitizens’ invation and understanding between the police and the citizen.Citizen Oversight SystemAmerica was bringing distrust on itself due to the abuse of public power of the police, failure in the traditional strategy of improving reliability. Thus, most civilian oversight systems have been related with complaints against the police (Miller, 2001). Since the introduction of the citizen oversight system by which American citizens can participate in civil application or appeal against the police, the country has accomplished the reform of the police system in controlling corrupt police, rebuilding trust and securing democratic justice. So, the system is playing important roll in promotion of policing.Challenge of Policing for CitizenAmerica has been referred to as a melting pot, a term depicting an image of people coming together and forming a unified culture (Shusta, Levine, Harris & Wong, 1995). As mentioned by Persaud (2012), cultural competence training of police is demanded because lawful disc recognize variety of cultures with open-minded though. Communication between police and community citizen is centered in such efforts. Therefore, promoting for citizen to involve in policing with having ownership actively and voluntarily should be fostered to achieve goals of police.ReferencesFindagrave.com. (n.d.). Fred Williams. Retrieved March 10, 2016, fromhttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=12943118Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T., & Ball, R. A. (2014). Criminological theory: Context andconsequences. Sage Publications.Miller, J. (2001). Civilian oversight of policing. based on the work of Samuel Walker, Policeaccountability: the role of citizen oversight, 17.Peak, K. J. (2009). Preparing for the street In Policing America: Challenges and best practices(8th ed. P.57). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Persaud, S. (2012). Is Color Blind Justice Also Culturally Blind? The Cultural Blindness inJustice. Berkeley Journal of African American Law & Policy, 14(1). 2

사회과학| 2016.05.18| 8페이지| 2,500원| 조회(156)

경찰, broken window theory, 깨진 유리창 이론, 치안유지

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Police Subculture, 경찰 하위문화, 경찰문화

Police SubcultureThe term of “police subculture” often understood to be representative of the whole law enforcement community (Britz, 1997). As described by Sherman (William & Arrigo, 2008), there are several informal norms behaviors of police officers. A scenario in Sherman, the police officers use force when they perform their main mission such as arresting criminal, which has become a reason of disrespect for the police. Using force of the police officers is a major and contentious issue in policing because the competence to use force or coercion goes to the very central of the police function. The police are the only authority empowered to use physical force and it is to be used only as a last resort. In addition, police should use force within range of necessary to subdue a suspect. Therefore, the use force of the police officers in a given situation is nearly always ambiguous, it is difficult to set clearly the boundary between excess and adequate force. The police rely on informal cultural norms in the use of force that produced from the significance of danger and authority associated with their work. These informal standards are likely to expand the range of police discretion, and it also helps to explain how and why police violence is extended from its legitimate to its unlawful use. Excessive use force of police officer is illegal, and it can victimize citizens. However, such inordinate police force is legitimated by the application of situational and abstract or moral criteria. It can be also defined as necessary and “normal” (Micucci, 2005). We can often witness informal police actions in the street. Some police officers make citizen feel disappoint and scare them. According to a national survey of police officers, it has been found that almost 15 percent of the respondents reported that officers in their departments sometimes, often, or always responded to verbal abuse with physical force. Also, 54 percent of respondents said that officers “seldom” did. Finally, just only 32 percent of respondents said that officers in their departments never responded to verbal abuse with physical force (Weisburd & Greenspan, 2000). It is necessary for police officers to strive to be respected from citizens.Media can have tremendous impact on society and police organizational culture. Media can help children with committing violence. A number of experts who study the media estimate that the average American child watches 8,000 murders and 100,000 act of violence while growing up. Also, some observers of the contemporary scene criticize much of today’s crime on ordinary events of violence in the American media like on television, in music, and on film (schmalleger, 2015). On the other hand, Media can help to change police subculture. Police corruption, for example, has become big issue, and the action of corrupt police officer can cause another criminal. The police are typically expected to carry the bulk of police corruption even though the mission of identifying and inspecting corruption and punishing corrupt police officers is shared by the police, prosecutors, the courts, the general public, and the media. But the primary reliance on the police can turn out to be a very dangerous proposal. In police agencies characterized by widespread corruption, in which systematic and organized corruption control is strongly desired, internal control mechanisms are most likely to be neglected and sometimes even openly sabotaged. So, when the police agency does not engage in systematic investigation of corruption of corrupt police officer, Media can prevent police corruption event from covering up and thus can help it is performed by various entities (Ivkovic, 2005).Furthermore, under the police subculture, if a street cop use too little force, he or she is likely to be labeled as "shaky" officer by colleagues. In other words, if some police officers do not use enough force, they are subject to reprimand, gossip, and avoidance in the police subculture. Using excessive force may establish an officer's status as a “street cop” who does “real police work” rather than as an “inside man” (Micucci, 2005). These climate of police subculture should be changed, and each officer should feel proud of the policing profession. Those who serve in this occupation are wonderful people who deserve more.ReferencesBritz, M. T. (1997). The police subculture and occupational socialization: Exploringindividual and demographic characteristics. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(2), 127-146.Ivkovic, S. K. (2005). Fallen blue knights: controlling police corruption. OxfordUniversity Press.Schmalleger, F. (2015). What is Criminal Justice? In Criminal Justice Today: AnIntroductory Text for the 21st Century (13th ed., p. 12). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education.Micucci, A. J., & Gomme, I. M. (2005). American police and subcultural support forthe use of excessive force. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(5), 487-500.

사회과학| 2016.05.18| 4페이지| 1,500원| 조회(165)

경찰문화, Police Subculture, 경찰 하위문화

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