Budget stabilization funds: insulate gov't budget from economic cycle⦁ Objective: capital preservation, low correlation with gov’t revenue⦁ Liabilities linked to P(commodity) & cyclicality⦁ Short-term horizon, highest liquidity needs⦁ Allocation to fixed income and cashDevelopment funds: prioritize socioeconomic projects⦁ Objective: long-run development, return over GDP growth⦁ Liabilities linked to socioeconomic investment⦁ Medium to long-term horizon, low liquidity needs⦁ Allocation to infrastructure projectsSavings funds: revenue from non-renewable asset for future generation⦁ Objective: maintain purchasing power, make ongoing spending⦁ Liabilities linked to future generation⦁ Long-term horizon, lowest liquidity needs⦁ Allocation: Endowment/CanadianReserve funds: earn return on excess FX reserve, reduce negative carry- Objective: return over yield of CB bonds- Liabilities linked to yields on CB bond- Long-term horizon, medium liquidity needs- Allocation: mostly to equities
CFA Level 1Corporate IssuersIntroduction to Corporate Governance and Other ESG ConsiderationsLOS 27.a: Describe corporate governanceCorporate Governance ⦁ System of internal controls and procedures by which individual companies are managed ⦁ Framework that defines rights, roles and responsibilities of groups within organisation ⦁ Arrangement of checks, balances and incentives a company needs ⦁ Minimising and managing conflicting interests between insiders and external shareownersShareholder Theory ⦁ Primary focus of corporate governance is the interests of firm’s shareholders ⦁ Maximisation of market value of firm’s common equity ⦁ Primarily concerned with conflict of interest between firm’s managers and its ownersStakeholder Theory ⦁ Considers conflicts among groups that have interest in activities/performance of firm ⦁ Includes shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers and others
CFA Level 3Asset AllocationAsset Allocation with Real-World ConstraintsLOS 5.a: Discuss asset size, liquidity needs, time horizon, and regulatory or other considerations as constraints on asset allocation. Smaller Funds ⦁ Lack expertise and governance structure for complex strategy ⦁ Restriction on smaller, inexperienced funds from investing in certain asset ⦁ Leads to insufficient level of diversification ⦁ Small investors may pool money to achieve adequate sizeLarger Funds: Benefits ⦁ Attract greater expertise, can invest in complex strategies ⦁ Can invest in accounts with high minimum investment requirements ⦁ Economies of scale - internal management, negotiating management fees ⦁ Per-participant cost of internal governance infrastructure decreases ⦁ Greater diversification from higher allocation to alternative investment
INTRODUCTION TO COMMODITIES AND COMMODITY DERIVATIVESLOS 34A + LOS 34BCRUDE OIL ⦁ Sulphur content , viscosity relates to price ⦁ Stored in ground , tanks , tanker ships ⦁ Supply affected by drilling , extraction , refining technology, political risk ⦁ Demand dependent on economy & alternative energy ⦁ Drill well → extract crude → refineREFINED PRODUCTS ⦁ Short storage period ⦁ Supply ependent on refineries → weather, geographical concentration ⦁ Demand affected by seasonalityNATURAL GAS ⦁ Minimal processing ⦁ Carried on ships & pipe (LNG) ⦁ High transportation cost ⦁ Demand more seasonal ⦁ Associated/unassociated gasINDUSTRIAL METALS ⦁ Extracted ore → smelted ⦁ Demand ↔ business cycle, GDP ⦁ Can be stored cheaply & indefinitely ⦁ EoS important ⦁ Regulation, strikes