열 유체 공학 설계 실습 Design Lab on Thermo-Fluidics_EME3056_43 2025-2 CFD Assignment #3 1 Student number: Name:Change the boundary condition of wall_bottom and wall_tube for DPM to TRAPContinue iterations 500 times1. Analyze 1.1 Average residence time of each injection 1.2 The ratio of particles trapped on wall_tube for each injection Injection 1 Injection 2Injection 3 Injection 42. Save picture of Particle Tracks for each injection (Residence time: 0~3 sec, Skip: 2, View: top). Injection 1 Injection 2Injection 3 Injection 43. Compare the velocity magnitude on z=1 between the above solution and that from Tutorial #1 (without DPM) using contours. (Draw a contour of velocity magnitude on z=1 and adjust min, max values to find differences) When velocity magnitude max min value setting is set to [min : 0, max : 6 m/s], the velocity magnitude difference was evident in both the front middle of the wall tube and the lower part of the outlet. Without DPM With DPM{nameOfApplication=Show}
열 유체 공학 설계 실습 Design Lab on Thermo-Fluidics_EME3056_43 2025-2 CFD Assignment #2 1 Student number: Name:1. Change the temperature of ‘inlet1’ to 1000 K 1. Setting inlet1 temperature2. Continue iterations until the monitored outlet temperature becomes stable or residual of do-intensity is below 1e-6. 1. Setting do-intensity condition 2. Scaled Residuals (iterations from 1458 to 2240 (converged)) (Since the data analyzed in the previous class are continuously used, the iteration added in this assignment started from 1458.)3. Create two custom-field functions 1. Creating function: heatflux -rad-kw 2. Creating function: heatflux -conv-kw4. Save case data files: ‘duct2-rad-1000K.cas.h5’5. Calculate the surface integrals of ‘ heatflux -kw’, ‘‘ heatflux -rad-kw’, and ‘ heatflux -conv-kw’ 1. heatflux -kw: 292.2662 2. heatflux -rad-kw : 173.901 3. heatflux -conv-kw: 118.36526. Calculate the mass-weighted average temperature on outlet. Calculated mass-weighted average temperature on outlet: 950.7812 [K]7. Draw a contour of temperature on z=1, y=1.25, wall_tube , and outlet (Set range: (Min: 300 [K], Max: 1100 [K] ) 1. Front 2. Top 3. Side Screen Expanded1. inlet1 only 2. inlet2 only 3. inlet1 + inlet2 8. Draw pathlines starting from inlet1 and inlet2 color-encoded with temperature (range: 800-1000 K, path skip: 4, view: top) (This part looks slightly white on top-viewed pictures for rendering reasons, but there actually exist red lines when viewed from a different view.){nameOfApplication=Show}
열 유체 공학 설계 실습 Design Lab on Thermo-Fluidics_EME3056_43 2025-2 CFD Assignment #1 1 Student number: Name:x=2 x=5 Create planes on x=2 and x=51. Draw a contour of velocity magnitude on z=1, outlet, x=2, and x=5 (view: 1. front, 2. your own view showing all the planes) 1. Front 2. Side2. Draw a contour of static pressure on the above planes (view: front)3. Draw a contour of turbulent kinetic energy on the above planes (view: front)4. Draw pathlines color-encoded with velocity magnitude starting from inlet1 and inlet2 (view: front) 1. inlet1 only 2. inlet2 only 3. inlet1 + inlet25. Draw a vector plot color-encoded with velocity magnitude on z=1 plane (view: front, adjust the arrow scale and skip value for good display) (Scale) = 5, (Skip) = 7 1. Setting (Vectors) 2. Front View6. Determine the area-weighted average of x-velocity on outlet (Answer) ≈ 3.06183 [m/s] 1. Setting (Surface Integrals) 2. ComputeFinally, save case data files for later use7. Run ANSYS Fluent and read the mesh you created. Then, create three images of the mesh with different views (View: front, left, top or other views of your choice that well show the mesh.) 1. Front 2. Top 3. Side Screen Expanded{nameOfApplication=Show}
Temperature Measurements Experiment with Thermocouple, RTD, and Vapor Pressure Thermometer Final Report Name: ### Identity Number: ### Class number: ### Professor: ### Affiliation: Sungkyunkwan University, School of Mechanical Engineering Date: 2025.##.## Table of Contents Title -1- Table of Contents -2- Ⅰ. Abstract -3- Ⅱ. Introduction -4-7- Ⅲ. Method -8-9- Ⅳ. Result -10-18- Ⅴ. Discussion -19-22- Ⅵ. Conclusion -23- Ⅶ. References -24- Ⅷ. Appendices -25-30- Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to measure temperatures using a K-type thermocouple, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and a vapor pressure thermometer, and to investigate the principles and characteristics of each instrument. For the thermocouple and RTD, calibration was performed to reduce measurement errors. Measured voltage values from the K-type thermocouple were attenuate and converted into temperature values using the temperature conversion equation for a K-type thermocouple. The measured temperatures showed d resistance are related either linearly or non-linearly, in commonly used metals. In this experiment, a Pt100 RTD is used, which is accurate over the range 0–850 °C. Figure 4. Temperature versus Resistance in Metals 2.3. Vapor Pressure Thermometer and the Ideal Gas Law Vapor pressure thermometers rely on the relationship between the vapor pressure of a sealed fluid and its temperature. Assuming the vapor behaves as an ideal gas, the governing equation is: where P is pressure, V is the constant volume of the bulb and capillary, m is the mass of the gas, and R is the specific gas constant. Since m, R, and V are constants, Thus, the pressure inside the thermometer varies linearly with temperature. This pressure is read by a gauge and, after calibration, can be converted into an accurate temperature measurement. Methods 1. Experimental Equipment Figure 5. TD 400 and its components Referring to figure 5, A TD 400 of Corp. TecQuipment is used for temperature measurements in the lab session. the equations are as follows. Using the values of a and b for calibration, the calculated temperature values are corrected as shown in Table 2, and the corresponding results are presented graphically in Figure 9. Table 2. Result of Calibrated Calculated Temperature Time (s) Calculated Temperature () Calibrated Temperature () Reference Temperature () Error Rate (%) 0 17.43392 20.68628 19.2 7.741 60 20.3293 23.5113 23.7 0.796 120 27.57633 30.58223 31.3 2.293 180 34.8352875 37.66479 38.2 1.401 240 42.1077 44.76048 45.0 0.532 300 48.66305 51.15654 51.6 0.859 360 55.22849 57.56244 57.7 0.238 420 61.31645599 63.50247 63.8 0.466 480 67.65677 69.68871 69.2 0.706 540 73.27282 75.16829 74.8 0.492 600 78.89553 80.65437 80.5 0.192 The MATLAB code used for calculations has been included in the appendix. After plotting the trendline using the calibrated temperature values, the resulting equation was found to be y = 0.104318x + 19.150910, which shows a significantly closer match to the trendline of 80.5 °C over 600 seconds. Given that the room temperature is 23 °C and the specific heat capacity of water is c=4186 J/(kg·°C), the used heat energy Q can be calculated using the following equation. Mass of water: m=1 kg Specific heat capacity of water at 23 °C: c=4186 J/(kg·°C) The consumed heater power P can be calculated as follows. Discussion 1. Temperature Comparison: K-type Thermocouple vs PRT Figure 13 & 14. Temperature Comparison: K-type Thermocouple vs PRT, Cases of calculated (left) and calibrated (right) temperature. Figure 13 shows the measured temperatures obtained using the K-type thermocouple and the PRT together with the reference values, while Figure 14 presents the calibrated values along with the reference values. (Orange line: PRT, Blue line: K-type thermocouple, Black dashed line: Reference temperature). The mean error rate of the originally calculated values was 6.42% for the K-type thermocouple and 10.95% for the PRT, while after calibration, the mean error was 1ensitivity Thermocouples generate very small millivolt signals, which are vulnerable to electromagnetic noise and digitization error. Without adequate shielding or filtering, random fluctuations reduce accuracy. 2.6. Sensor Positioning If the thermal sensors are not positioned consistently or do not reach full thermal equilibrium with the surrounding medium, temperature gradients within the surroundings can lead to systematic measurement errors. 3. Various Types of Thermocouples [4][5] 3.1. J-type thermocouple The J-type thermocouple is constructed from iron and constantan, which is a copper-nickel alloy. This combination provides a stable output over a moderate temperature range and is well-suited for high-temperature applications. These thermocouples are found in a range of industrial settings, like plastic molding factories, food processing facilities, and in oven or heater control systems. Its typical temperature range is approximately −210°C to 750°C. 3.2. E-type thermocouple The
1. Objective Understanding the characteristics and operating principles of refrigeration systems is highly beneficial not only in daily life but also across various advanced industrial applications. In this experiment, the performance of a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is evaluated under assumed ideal conditions involving various temperatures and entropy levels, using a real experimental setup. Theoretical models studied in thermodynamics are compared to actual system behavior, and the impact of irreversible phenomena such as pressure losses and heat dissipation on system performance is analyzed. Changes in operational conditions such as condenser and evaporator fan speeds and expansion valve opening are applied to observe variations in system performance, which are then interpreted using P-h diagrams. Additionally, the thermophysical properties of the refrigerant (R-22) are examined, along with a discussion on the importance of refrigerants.