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미시경제학2 중간정리

"미시경제학2 중간정리"에 대한 내용입니다.
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최초등록일 2024.04.15 최종저작일 2023.07
한양대 한양대학교 정책학과 미시경제학
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미시경제학2 중간정리
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    • 📚 미시경제학의 심층적인 이론과 개념을 체계적으로 정리한 문서
    • 💡 독점, 과점, 게임이론 등 복잡한 경제 메커니즘을 명확하게 설명
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    미리보기

    목차

    1. [Monopoly]
    2. [Monopolistic Competition]
    3. [Oligopoly·Duopoly]
    4. [Factor Market]
    5. [Game Theory]
    6. [Bargaining Game] : Sequential Game
    7. [Behavioral Economics]

    본문내용

    [Monopoly]

    완전경쟁시장에서는 생산자들이 Price Taker였으나, 완전경쟁이 아닌 독점이나 독점적경쟁, 그리고 과점에서의 생 산자들은 Price Setter이다. 즉 market power가 있다
    생산자가 price setter이다는 것은 즉 생산자가 마주하는 소비곡선이 완전경쟁에서의 수평선이 아니라 우하향하는 기울기를 갖는 것임을 말한다. 우하향하는 소비곡선을 마주하기 때문에 생산량을 늘리기 위해선 판매가격을 낮추 어야 한다.

    <중 략>

    •Natural Monopoly
    독점기업의 AC 곡선이 시장 전체를 아우를 수 있을 만큼 크고, 규모의경제만을 갖는다면, 그러한 상황을 natural monopoly라고 한다. → 독점기업의 MES이 시장규모에 비해 상당히 클 경우 통신사는 고정비용은 크지만 가변비용은 거의 없기 때문에, AC곡선이 무한하게 감소한다
    자연독점 상황에서는 기업이 여러개인 경우보다 1개인 경우에만 최저비용으로 재화를 생산할 수 있다. 많이 생산할 수록 AC는 더욱 싸진다.
    - Predatory Pricing and Entry Detergence
    자연독점 시장에서 신규 기업이 진입하면, Incumbent는 원래의 독점균형 가격이었던 p*에서 손실을 보지 않을 최소한의 가격인 pI = ACI까지 가격을 낮출 수 있다.
    Entrant도 손실을 보지 않을 최소한의 가격인 pE = ACE까지 가격을 낮출 수 있다.
    그러나 Incumbent가 더 많이 생산하는 한 Entrant의 ACE보다 Incumbent의 ACI가 낮으므로, 시장가격은 더 낮은 가격인 p = ACI로 결정된다.
    Entrant는 자신의 ACE보다 낮은 가격에 시장가격이 형성되어 이윤이 0보다 작으므로 결국 시장을 이탈한 다.
    이러한 과정을 통해 자연독점기업에서 Entry Detergence가 발생한다.
    Cf. 만약 신규기업이 기존기업보다 더 큰 규모로 진입해서 기존기업보다 낮은 AC에 생산할 수 있었더라면, 신규기업이 기존기업을 내쫓을 수 있었을 것이다.

    참고자료

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  • AI와 토픽 톺아보기

    • 1. Monopoly
      Monopoly is a market structure where a single firm dominates the entire market for a particular good or service. This lack of competition can lead to higher prices, reduced output, and less innovation compared to a competitive market. While monopolies can provide economies of scale and other benefits, they also have the potential to abuse their market power and harm consumer welfare. Policymakers must carefully balance the tradeoffs between the efficiency gains of monopolies and the need to protect consumers from exploitation. Effective regulation and antitrust enforcement are crucial to ensuring that monopolies do not become detrimental to the overall economy.
    • 2. Profit Maximization
      Profit maximization is a fundamental goal of most businesses, as it allows them to generate the highest possible returns for their shareholders or owners. However, this pursuit of profit can sometimes come at the expense of other important considerations, such as social responsibility, environmental sustainability, or worker welfare. While profit maximization is a valid and necessary objective, it should be balanced with other ethical and societal concerns. Businesses should strive to find a middle ground where they can achieve reasonable profits while also considering the broader impact of their operations on the community and the environment. Ultimately, a more holistic approach to business decision-making, one that considers multiple stakeholders and long-term consequences, is likely to lead to more sustainable and equitable outcomes.
    • 3. Marginal Revenue (MR)
      Marginal revenue (MR) is a crucial concept in economics, as it represents the additional revenue a firm earns from selling one more unit of a good or service. Understanding and optimizing marginal revenue is essential for firms seeking to maximize their profits. However, the pursuit of marginal revenue maximization can sometimes lead to unintended consequences, such as price discrimination, reduced output, or the exploitation of consumers. Policymakers and regulators must carefully monitor the behavior of firms to ensure that their pursuit of marginal revenue does not come at the expense of consumer welfare or the broader public interest. Ultimately, a balanced approach that considers the needs of all stakeholders is necessary to ensure that the pursuit of marginal revenue maximization serves the greater good.
    • 4. Profit Tax
      Profit taxes are a common policy tool used by governments to generate revenue and influence the behavior of businesses. While profit taxes can be an effective way to raise funds for public services and infrastructure, they can also have unintended consequences, such as discouraging investment, reducing innovation, or incentivizing tax avoidance strategies. Policymakers must carefully design profit tax policies to strike a balance between revenue generation and maintaining a healthy business environment. This may involve considering factors such as the tax rate, the tax base, and the treatment of different types of businesses or industries. Additionally, profit tax policies should be coordinated with other economic policies, such as those related to investment, trade, and labor, to ensure a coherent and effective approach to promoting economic growth and social welfare.
    • 5. Quantity Tax
      Quantity taxes, also known as excise taxes, are a type of tax levied on the production or consumption of specific goods or services. These taxes can be an effective tool for addressing market failures, such as negative externalities, or for generating revenue for the government. However, the implementation of quantity taxes can also have unintended consequences, such as distorting consumer behavior, creating market inefficiencies, or disproportionately burdening certain segments of the population. Policymakers must carefully consider the potential impacts of quantity taxes, both on the targeted market and on the broader economy, and design these policies in a way that balances the desired outcomes with the potential costs and trade-offs. Effective quantity tax policies should be based on a thorough understanding of the market dynamics, the underlying policy objectives, and the potential distributional effects on different stakeholders.
    • 6. Pareto Efficiency
      Pareto efficiency is a fundamental concept in economics that describes a state of resource allocation where it is impossible to make one person better off without making someone else worse off. While Pareto efficiency is a useful theoretical benchmark, it is often difficult to achieve in practice due to the complexities of real-world economies and the competing interests of different stakeholders. Policymakers must consider a range of factors, including equity, fairness, and the overall well-being of society, when making decisions that affect resource allocation and distribution. A strict focus on Pareto efficiency may overlook important considerations of social justice, environmental sustainability, and the needs of marginalized or disadvantaged groups. A more holistic approach that balances Pareto efficiency with other ethical and social considerations is likely to lead to more equitable and sustainable outcomes.
    • 7. Natural Monopoly
      Natural monopolies are a type of market structure where a single firm can most efficiently serve the entire market due to economies of scale or other factors. While natural monopolies can provide certain benefits, such as lower prices and higher quality of service, they also pose significant risks in terms of consumer exploitation and lack of innovation. Effective regulation and oversight are crucial to ensuring that natural monopolies operate in the public interest and do not abuse their market power. Policymakers must carefully balance the need to preserve the efficiency gains of natural monopolies with the imperative to protect consumer welfare and promote competition. This may involve a combination of price regulation, service quality standards, and the promotion of alternative technologies or business models that can challenge the dominance of natural monopolies.
    • 8. Monopolistic Competition
      Monopolistic competition is a market structure characterized by a large number of firms selling differentiated products, each with a degree of market power. While this structure can promote innovation and consumer choice, it can also lead to inefficiencies, such as excess capacity and higher prices. Policymakers must carefully navigate the trade-offs between the benefits of competition and the potential drawbacks of monopolistic competition. This may involve policies that encourage product differentiation, promote transparency and information sharing, and ensure that firms do not engage in anticompetitive practices. Additionally, a balanced approach that considers the broader social and environmental impacts of monopolistic competition is necessary to ensure that this market structure serves the greater good.
    • 9. Oligopoly and Duopoly
      Oligopoly and duopoly are market structures characterized by a small number of firms that dominate the market. While these structures can provide certain benefits, such as economies of scale and the potential for innovation, they also pose significant risks in terms of collusion, price manipulation, and the exploitation of consumers. Policymakers must carefully monitor the behavior of firms in oligopolistic and duopolistic markets to ensure that they do not engage in anticompetitive practices. This may involve policies that promote transparency, encourage new market entrants, and empower consumers to make informed choices. Additionally, a balanced approach that considers the broader social and economic impacts of oligopoly and duopoly is necessary to ensure that these market structures serve the greater good.
    • 10. Behavioral Economics
      Behavioral economics is a field that combines insights from psychology and economics to understand how human behavior and decision-making can deviate from the assumptions of traditional economic theory. This approach has important implications for policymaking, as it suggests that individuals may not always act in a purely rational or self-interested manner. Policymakers must consider these behavioral factors when designing policies and interventions, as they can have significant impacts on the effectiveness and equity of these measures. By incorporating insights from behavioral economics, policymakers can develop more nuanced and effective policies that better reflect the realities of human behavior and decision-making. This can lead to improved outcomes in areas such as consumer protection, public health, and environmental sustainability.
    • 11. Bargaining Game
      Bargaining games are a type of strategic interaction where two or more parties negotiate to reach an agreement. These games can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of negotiation and the factors that influence the outcomes. Policymakers can use the insights from bargaining game theory to inform the design of policies and institutions that promote more equitable and efficient bargaining processes. This may involve measures to address power imbalances, information asymmetries, and other structural factors that can distort the bargaining process. Additionally, policymakers can explore ways to incentivize cooperative behavior and foster trust between bargaining parties, which can lead to more mutually beneficial outcomes. By incorporating the lessons of bargaining game theory, policymakers can develop policies that better reflect the realities of human behavior and decision-making in negotiation contexts.

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