sulfate attack

소개

(건축재료) 콘크리트의 황산화

목차

Chemical reactions in sulfate attack


A definition of delayed ettringite formation

Selected cases histories

Control of sulfate attack

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What is Sulfate & Sulfate Attack
Most soils contain some sulfate in the form of gypsum CaSO4· 2H2O (typically 0.01 to 0.05 percent expressed as S04); this amount is considered harmless to concrete. The solubility of gypsum in water at normal temperatures is rather limited (approximately 1400 mg/l S04).
Crude Gypsum / Phosphogypsum ( CaSO4.2H2O) (Gambar)
CaSO4 Gypsum. gypsum is a common sulphate mineral typically formed as an
Chemical Reaction
cases
controlling
Higher concentrations of sulfate in ground waters are generally due to the presence of magnesium, sodium, and potassium sulfates. Ammonium sulfate is frequently present in agricultural soil and water. Effluents from furnaces (that use high-sulfur fuels) and from chemical industry may contain sulfuric acid.
Ammonium sulfate
Decay of organic matter in marshes, shallow lakes, mining pits, and sewer pipes often leads to the formation of H2S gas which is transformed into sulfuric acid by bacterial action. The water used in concrete cooling towers may also contain a high concentration of sulfate due to evaporation.

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