湯顯祖의 文藝理論과 道家思想의 比較 硏究 (A Comparative Study on Tang Xian Zu‘s Literary Theory and the Thought of Dao Jia)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한서대학교 동양고전연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 동방학 / 29호 / 121 ~ 148페이지
· 저자명 : 박종학

초록

湯顯祖는 明代의 중요한 戱劇 작가이면서 文藝理論家이다. 특히 그의 희극 작품은 후세 사람들에 많은 감동을 주었고 지금도 여전히 사랑을 받고 있다. 그의 文藝理論은 信仰的인 도교보다는 理性에 더 비중을 둔 道家의 영향을 받아 형성되었다.
湯顯祖는，'情’이 생명의 본질이라고 여겨'情’은 좁은 범위로 보면 ‘愛情’이라 할 수 있지만, 넓은 범위로 보면 生命을 잉태하는 動力이라 보았다. 반면에 道家에서는'無情’의'情’을 주장하여 이는 인위적이거나 도식적인 것이 아니고, 인간이 지닌 순수한 내면의'情’을 말하였다. 탕현조의'情’에 대한 근본적인 인식은 이와 같은 道家思想의 기초에서 발전되었다. 그러므로 그의'情’에 대한 생각은 여기에서 더욱 발전하여 ‘생명‘의 존귀함을 깨닫고 이를 이해하고자 하였다.
湯顯祖는 또한'眞’의 기초에서 예술이 탄생한다고 생각했다. 莊子 역시'眞’의 가치를 인정하여'眞’이 근본적인 바탕이 되지 않으면 인간의 내부적 감정표현을 다른 사람에게 전할 수 없다고 주장한다.
湯顯祖는 이와 같은 莊子 사상의 영향을 받아서 그만의 독특한 문예이론을 형성하였다. 즉 진실한 마음을 발전시키면 본인뿐만 아니라 여러 사람들을 감동시킬 수 있는 심미체험의 세계로 인도 할 수 있다고 생각한 것이다. 이것은 바로 道家에서 추구하는 예술론과 상당한 類似點을 찾을 수 있는 것이다. 탕현조의 희극 작품이 후세의 비평가들에게 호평을 받은 것보다도 일반 대중에게 더 오랜 시간 사랑을 받은 것은 바로 이 같은 道家에서 추구한 예술론을 자연스럽게 작품에 반영한 결과로 볼 수 있다.

영어초록

Tanx Xian Zu was one of prominent comedy writers and literary theorists in the dynasty of Ming. His posterity was deeply moved by his comedies, and his works have still been loved by today‘s people as well.
Dao Jiao exerted a tremendous influence on his character building during his growth process, as his grandparents believed in it. It could be said that Dao Jiao is built on faith, and that Dao Jia is more like learning that is based on reason. His literary theory was under the influence of reason-oriented Dao Jia, rather than religious Dao Jiao.
He believed that Qing was the substance of life. In a narrow sense, Qing was affection, but he thought that in a broad sense, that was an energy that generated life. In Dao Jia, however, Qing was perceived in association with Wu Qing, and that existed in the pure heart of human beings, not something artificial or schematic. Tang Xian Zu‘s perception of Qing was primarily built on this thought of Dao Jia, and then there was further progress in his idea of Qing, as he realized the nobility of life and tried to understand it.
On the other hand, he thought that the arts was built on Zhen. According to him, literary works that lack Zhen couldn‘t be loved by people for a long time since there would be no life force in them. Zhang Zi approved of the value of Zhen as well, and claimed that lack of Zhen would make it impossible for people to let others know what‘s in their mind. Thus, Zhang Zi approved of the worth of Zenxin and Zenqing. Zhuang Zi thought that genuine Zhen could develop into Zenxin or Zenqing. Tang Xian Zu created his own unique literary theory under the influence of Zhuang Zi‘s thought. He believed it would be possible for one who tried to have a true heart to enter into the world of aesthetic experience that could touch not only himself or herself but others.
Tang Xian Zu‘s two works, ”Nan Ke” and ”Han Dan,”.show that his comedies became more natural and excellent with the lapse of time. Critics of the next generations told his comedies were especially valuable and full of vitality since they were enjoyable by many people. This is what makes his works similar to the artistic theory of Dao Jia. Tang Xian Zu‘s comedies couldn‘t definitely be said to be well received by every critic of the next generations, but they have apparently been loved by people in general for a long time, and it‘s because the artistic theory of Dao Jia was naturally reflected in his works.

참고자료

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