전시 총동원체제기 식민지 조선문학의 공백과 균열-김사량의 『바다의 노래』를 중심으로 (The Vacuum and Crack in Literature of Colonial Joseon in the Wartime General Mobilization System - Focus on Bada-ui Norae(Songs of the Sea) of Kim, Sa-ryang -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 상허학회
· 수록지 정보 : 상허학보 / 42권 / 341 ~ 379페이지
· 저자명 : 오태영

초록

전시 총동원체제기 문학계의 화두 중 하나는 ‘문예동원’이었다. 이에 따라 식민지 조선인 문학자는 전시 총동원정책에 적극적으로 협력하는 ‘자발성’을 지닌 자, 즉 황국신민이 될 것을 요청받았다. 하지만 당시 담론장에서 자기 수양을 핵심으로 하는 식민지 조선인 문학자의 문예동원이 화두로 거론된다고 해서 식민지 조선인 문학자가 단순히 제국 일본의 충직한 신민이라는 균질화된 방식으로 자신의 정체성을 확보할 수는 없었다. 무엇보다 그들은 ‘식민지 조선인 문학자’라는 다층적이고 이질적인 지역적, 민족적, 사회적, 문화적 위상을 지니고 있던 존재들이었다. 1943년 해군특별지원병제도가 공포되고, 시행되었다. 국민총력조선연맹에서는 이 제도의 실시 공포에 따라 조선총독부의 후원을 받아 식민지 조선의 문인과 화가를 내지 일본의 해병단, 해군학교 및 시설에 파견․시찰케 하였다. 해군 시찰의 체험을 바탕으로 한 김사량의 『바다의 노래』 서사는 조선왕조 말기 서양 제국주의 세력의 조선/아시아 진출 시대부터 식민지 후반 전시 총동원체제기 아시아-태평양전쟁 발발에 이르기까지의 전쟁의 세기, 남성 주체의 자기 드라마를 주조해내고 있다. 각각 ‘민족적 주체’와 ‘제국적 주체’로 성장하는 이야기 속에는 제국 일본의 전쟁 수행의 당위성을 역설하는 이데올로기가 노출되어 있지만, 그것은 서사적 인과성을 가지고 있지 못한다. 또한, 제국적 주체로서의 성장 과정은 내적 필연성을 지니지 못하고, 공백과 균열, 우연과 비약의 결과로서 오히려 성장 불가능성을 상징적으로 보여준다. 이런 점에서 이 작품은 전시 총동원체제기 ‘국민문학’으로 동원되기를 요청받았던 식민지 조선문학의 공백과 균열의 지점을 포착할 수 있게 한다. 이처럼 식민지 조선문학/자는 제국-식민지 체제 안팎에서 언제나 유동적이고 불안정한, 그래서 쉽게 포착/포획되지 않는 존재들이었다.

영어초록

One of major topics of literary world in wartime general mobilization system was literature mobilization. When the national labor movement progressed to make dramatic changes in personal lives and technologies and labor force were mobilized, the literary world accepted it a top priority to mobilize literators to build an advanced military nation. In accordance with this, the literators of colonial Joseon were required to become willing persons who actively cooperated with the wartime general mobilization, subjects of Japanese Empire. However, even though public discussion was held about literature mobilization of colonial Joseon's literators who valued self-discipline, literators of colonial Joseon couldnt' have own identities with a uniform way to become loyal subjects of Japanese Empire. First of all, they were 'colonial Joseon literators' who had multiple and different positions of region, nation, society and culture and differed each others.
In 1943, the special volunteer system of navy was pronounced and implemented. This system was for all young men of colonial Joseon, the majority of volunteers was practically the urban poor and the lower class of rural areas who were excluded from the empire-colonial regime in colonial Joseon. In other words, even though the volunteer system homogeneously interpellated the young generations of colonial Joseon who were stratified by region and stratum, the real volunteers were heterogeneously composed of. At this time, the excluded persons from volunteer system were newly embraced. The persons whom the live politics of empire-colonial regime hided became to be revealed under the same mechanism. The state of exception, war, tended to unintentionally reveal pre-existing logic of exclusion with newly embracing the excluded persons. The rhetorics of each media which insisted the young of colonial Joseon, who were objects of the special volunteer system of navy, would conduct their duty as subjects of Japanese Empire strengthened in rhetorics of effervescence and delight with the implementation of this system. In the voice for the young of colonial Joseon, the critical subjects of wartime mobilization, to conduct their roles and duties, there were so many rhetorics to stimulate their desire for assimilation with 'Naisen Ittai(Intergration of Japan and Joseon)' logic as the center.
In the mean time, at the implementation of this system, the Joseon Federation of General Mobilization made the literators and painters of colonial Joseon visit and inspect the marine corps, naval schools and facilities in Japan with the support of the Japanese Government General of Korea. The Kim, Sa-ryang's experience of navy inspection trip made him write the story of Bada-ui Norae(Songs of the Sea), which created male centric narratives drama from the time of invasion to Joseon/Asia by the western empires in the late of Joseon Dynasty to the breaking of Asia-Pacific War in the wartime general mobilization system in late colonial period. In the stories in which a person grew up to have a national and imperial subject, an ideology to emphasize the appropriateness of war conducted by the Japanese Empire was revealed but it didn't have narrative causality. Also, the growth process to have an imperial subject didn't have inner necessity, rather is was a result of vacuum, crack, coincidence and saltus and symbolically showed the impossibility of growth. In these facts, this work made us know the situation of vacuum and crack in literature of colonial Joseon which was demanded to join in the name of natioanl literature in the wartime general mobilization system. Like this, the literature and literators of colonial Joseon were always floating and unstable in and out of the empire-colonial regime so they couldn't be easily noticed and taken.

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