노사학파(蘆沙學派)의 환곡개혁책 - 장성, 고창 지역을 중심으로 - (The proposals for reforming the great loan system(hwangok) of Nosa Scholars' Faction - Especially Jangseong, Gochang area -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사실학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 실학 / 40호 / 39 ~ 68페이지
· 저자명 : 김봉곤

초록

This paper is an analysis on the actual state of the great loan
system in the middle of 19th century and includes the contents
and mening of Nosa Scholars' Faction reform bill in Honam
area.
The great loan system(hwangok) was in the severe disorder
in the middle of 19th century. Resolving this problem, the king
occasionally dispatched secret inspectors(暗行御史, amhangeosa),
who examined the actual state of the great loan system, and
could prepare the plan of Hwangok through such measure.
Inspectors pointed out the abuses such as Sosangjeong(小詳定)
that offical price was decided lower and Gajak(加作) that the
loan was added, which were committed by the Hyangni(鄕吏:
country's petty functionaries), county magistrates(守令), and
governor(觀察使) under the name of making up hwangok grains
fallen because of the Hyangni's corruption and evasion of taxes
occuring during supply and demand. They also indicated the
evils of Imu(移貿) that the grain was traded into the different
high price area. To sweep such abuses, they proposd some
methods of prohibiting such dishonest acts and prosecuted the
corrupt officials, but couldn't fundamentally solve those
problems.
Finnally, a rash of popular uprisings broke out agaist The
great loan system and Nosa Scholars' Faction regarded that the
corruption had been caused by defects of the system. They also
considered that various abuses such as the dishonest devision
and acception, the misuse taking advantage of price difference of
grains, and the evasions of taxes has been continually taking
place because Hwangok was opreated by taking interest profits
which had been made in imitation of Song's Cheongmyo Law
(靑苗法)-the system that farmers enabled to loan by low interst.
Thus, they argued that the corruption of the great loan should
be solved not by improving the operation of hwangok system,
but by changing the system itself completely. And they
regarded it to be the only means of settling the trouble.
They seekd the solution, converting the hwangok into either
the village granaries(社倉, Sachang) runned by grains supply
and participation of the local people themselves or Ever∼Normal
Storehouses(常平倉, Sangpyeongchang) that maintains the
warranted rate of demand and supply by the regulation of
prices. Both Gi-Jungjin and Gi-Yangyeon insisted that the
system of Ever-Normal Storehouses should be taken effect.
Especially, Gi-Yangyeon argued that the operation of the
system of Ever-Normal Storehouses not only redowned the
regulation of prices, but also added national finances. Taking
one step further, he suggested that it should go hand in hand
with the village granaries to relive the poor. On the other hand,
Gang-Inhoe(姜寅會) argued that it needs to establish and run
the village granaries by using exisiting grains(Hwangok) and to
dispatch a manager of myun(面, township) in each township.
Under the control of the managers, grains would be devided and
accepted in spring and fall as like Ever-Normal Storehouses's
operation. And he considered that if the office supervises the
managers of myun(面, township), then Hwangok would be
gradually abolished and the its finances could be continually
maintained . An-Jungseop(安重燮) also claimed to convert the
hwangok into the village granaries(社倉), and combine the
hwangok's function of imposing taxes with the land and
houshold.
Eventually, this reform bill of the great loan system(hwangok)
of Nosa Scholars' Faction aimed to restore the functions of
relieved poor people through reforming the systems, which was
based on Gi-Jungjin's Li-Yil-Bun-Su(理一分殊)-A principle
includes the tens of thousdands of changing patterns∼through
the change of the system. It seems that the reform was
influnced by Silhak(實學, Practical Learning) scholars, realists,
as Yu-Hyongwon(柳馨遠) Chong-yagyong(丁若鏞) playing an
active part in Honam area at that time. And it is corresponded
with the national policy-abolishing the hwangok and imposing
taxes on land, and it is considered to have exerted an influence
to the reform of Taewongun(大院君) who took up Sachang
system and the reform of Local Directorates(執綱所), created by
Donghak peasant army, trying to abolish the hwangok and
distribute land equally over to people-farmers.

영어초록

This paper is an analysis on the actual state of the great loan
system in the middle of 19th century and includes the contents
and mening of Nosa Scholars' Faction reform bill in Honam
area.
The great loan system(hwangok) was in the severe disorder
in the middle of 19th century. Resolving this problem, the king
occasionally dispatched secret inspectors(暗行御史, amhangeosa),
who examined the actual state of the great loan system, and
could prepare the plan of Hwangok through such measure.
Inspectors pointed out the abuses such as Sosangjeong(小詳定)
that offical price was decided lower and Gajak(加作) that the
loan was added, which were committed by the Hyangni(鄕吏:
country's petty functionaries), county magistrates(守令), and
governor(觀察使) under the name of making up hwangok grains
fallen because of the Hyangni's corruption and evasion of taxes
occuring during supply and demand. They also indicated the
evils of Imu(移貿) that the grain was traded into the different
high price area. To sweep such abuses, they proposd some
methods of prohibiting such dishonest acts and prosecuted the
corrupt officials, but couldn't fundamentally solve those
problems.
Finnally, a rash of popular uprisings broke out agaist The
great loan system and Nosa Scholars' Faction regarded that the
corruption had been caused by defects of the system. They also
considered that various abuses such as the dishonest devision
and acception, the misuse taking advantage of price difference of
grains, and the evasions of taxes has been continually taking
place because Hwangok was opreated by taking interest profits
which had been made in imitation of Song's Cheongmyo Law
(靑苗法)-the system that farmers enabled to loan by low interst.
Thus, they argued that the corruption of the great loan should
be solved not by improving the operation of hwangok system,
but by changing the system itself completely. And they
regarded it to be the only means of settling the trouble.
They seekd the solution, converting the hwangok into either
the village granaries(社倉, Sachang) runned by grains supply
and participation of the local people themselves or Ever∼Normal
Storehouses(常平倉, Sangpyeongchang) that maintains the
warranted rate of demand and supply by the regulation of
prices. Both Gi-Jungjin and Gi-Yangyeon insisted that the
system of Ever-Normal Storehouses should be taken effect.
Especially, Gi-Yangyeon argued that the operation of the
system of Ever-Normal Storehouses not only redowned the
regulation of prices, but also added national finances. Taking
one step further, he suggested that it should go hand in hand
with the village granaries to relive the poor. On the other hand,
Gang-Inhoe(姜寅會) argued that it needs to establish and run
the village granaries by using exisiting grains(Hwangok) and to
dispatch a manager of myun(面, township) in each township.
Under the control of the managers, grains would be devided and
accepted in spring and fall as like Ever-Normal Storehouses's
operation. And he considered that if the office supervises the
managers of myun(面, township), then Hwangok would be
gradually abolished and the its finances could be continually
maintained . An-Jungseop(安重燮) also claimed to convert the
hwangok into the village granaries(社倉), and combine the
hwangok's function of imposing taxes with the land and
houshold.
Eventually, this reform bill of the great loan system(hwangok)
of Nosa Scholars' Faction aimed to restore the functions of
relieved poor people through reforming the systems, which was
based on Gi-Jungjin's Li-Yil-Bun-Su(理一分殊)-A principle
includes the tens of thousdands of changing patterns∼through
the change of the system. It seems that the reform was
influnced by Silhak(實學, Practical Learning) scholars, realists,
as Yu-Hyongwon(柳馨遠) Chong-yagyong(丁若鏞) playing an
active part in Honam area at that time. And it is corresponded
with the national policy-abolishing the hwangok and imposing
taxes on land, and it is considered to have exerted an influence
to the reform of Taewongun(大院君) who took up Sachang
system and the reform of Local Directorates(執綱所), created by
Donghak peasant army, trying to abolish the hwangok and
distribute land equally over to people-farmers.

참고자료

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