중국의 민족정풍운동과 조선족의 북한으로의 이주 (The Rectification Movement in China and the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한중사회과학학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한중사회과학연구 / 13권 / 3호 / 155 ~ 180페이지
· 저자명 : 박종철

초록

This study aims to inquire about the relationship between the influences of the Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime on ethnicity problems of Korean-Chinese minorities and the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea. Actually, the migration of Korean-Chinese people to North Korea has been influenced by a myriad of factors and complicated international affairs, however, this study will deal with the migration issue of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, focusing on the relationship between the Rectification Movement of China and Sino-North Korean relations.
The Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime has been expressed, internationally, from the background of the Sino-Soviet struggle for socialism and, nationally, from a political move to the left. Finally, from an economic standpoint, it has been expressed through the Great Leap Forward. Then, Sino-North Korean relations suffered from confrontation caused by the August Faction Incident of 1956, however, because the Sino-Soviet conflicts came to the surface, the Sino-North Korean relations have been resolved.
In this process, North Korea-China-Soviet Union have agreed on withdrawing the People’s Volunteer Army of China, but the problem of a lack of manpower for postwar restoration in North Korea has emerged. North Korea mobilized its manpower by way of the Chollima Movement, a mass mobilization movement and repatriation project of overseas Koreans.
Under such circumstances, along with the international Communist movement, the climate of nationalism experienced an upsurge within North Korea. North Korea was forcing, not only the returned overseas Koreans, but also the Korean-Chinese minorities of China to select a singular nation. In this process, a debate of “multination” has emerged from the Korean-Chinese minority society, and they considered North Korea as the homeland nation, that is, the first nation. With respect to this phenomenon, the Chinese government started to strengthen its discrimination policy against Korean-Chinese minorities. In the background of the anti-right wing struggle, the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities, expressed as local nationalist chauvinism, has been the target of criticism. In this context, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea has become a movement and a fever as a way of expressing their nationalism.
In front of this situation, while the Rectification Movement carried on, the local nationality chauvinism of Korean-Chinese minorities has been constantly reported as the target of criticism, and cited as an Internal Reference for Chinese authorities.
According to mutual agreement among China, the Soviet Union and North Korea, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and North Korean in China to North Korea has accelerated since 1959. In addition, quite a few of their moves have been registered in illegal way. The period of 1959-1962 corresponds to the times of North Korea’s encouragement to carry out its Repatriation Project with overseas Koreans, such as the Korean in Japan, and this period also coincided with the times of the intensive obligatory return of students studying in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, including Korea War orphans. The migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and Korean in China to North Korea was concentrated between 1959 and 1962. According to internal references of China and the Declassified Documents of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, it is analyzed that, regarding one of the reasons of the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, that this phenomenon was the product of the Rectification Movement of China and the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities.
In 1963, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party changed the policy regarding the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, and this decision was made based on the background of Sino-Soviet disputes and Sino-North Korean conflicts and the consequent changes in Sino-North Korean relations. Moreover, in the process of sorting out the mess caused by the Rectification Movement and anti-right wing struggle of China, a policy change occurred in the Chinese Communist Party regarding North Korea and Korean-Chinese minorities. Actually, Chinese authorities attempted to encourage the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, but the emigration rate decreased.

영어초록

This study aims to inquire about the relationship between the influences of the Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime on ethnicity problems of Korean-Chinese minorities and the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea. Actually, the migration of Korean-Chinese people to North Korea has been influenced by a myriad of factors and complicated international affairs, however, this study will deal with the migration issue of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, focusing on the relationship between the Rectification Movement of China and Sino-North Korean relations.
The Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime has been expressed, internationally, from the background of the Sino-Soviet struggle for socialism and, nationally, from a political move to the left. Finally, from an economic standpoint, it has been expressed through the Great Leap Forward. Then, Sino-North Korean relations suffered from confrontation caused by the August Faction Incident of 1956, however, because the Sino-Soviet conflicts came to the surface, the Sino-North Korean relations have been resolved.
In this process, North Korea-China-Soviet Union have agreed on withdrawing the People’s Volunteer Army of China, but the problem of a lack of manpower for postwar restoration in North Korea has emerged. North Korea mobilized its manpower by way of the Chollima Movement, a mass mobilization movement and repatriation project of overseas Koreans.
Under such circumstances, along with the international Communist movement, the climate of nationalism experienced an upsurge within North Korea. North Korea was forcing, not only the returned overseas Koreans, but also the Korean-Chinese minorities of China to select a singular nation. In this process, a debate of “multination” has emerged from the Korean-Chinese minority society, and they considered North Korea as the homeland nation, that is, the first nation. With respect to this phenomenon, the Chinese government started to strengthen its discrimination policy against Korean-Chinese minorities. In the background of the anti-right wing struggle, the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities, expressed as local nationalist chauvinism, has been the target of criticism. In this context, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea has become a movement and a fever as a way of expressing their nationalism.
In front of this situation, while the Rectification Movement carried on, the local nationality chauvinism of Korean-Chinese minorities has been constantly reported as the target of criticism, and cited as an Internal Reference for Chinese authorities.
According to mutual agreement among China, the Soviet Union and North Korea, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and North Korean in China to North Korea has accelerated since 1959. In addition, quite a few of their moves have been registered in illegal way. The period of 1959-1962 corresponds to the times of North Korea’s encouragement to carry out its Repatriation Project with overseas Koreans, such as the Korean in Japan, and this period also coincided with the times of the intensive obligatory return of students studying in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, including Korea War orphans. The migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and Korean in China to North Korea was concentrated between 1959 and 1962. According to internal references of China and the Declassified Documents of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, it is analyzed that, regarding one of the reasons of the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, that this phenomenon was the product of the Rectification Movement of China and the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities.
In 1963, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party changed the policy regarding the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, and this decision was made based on the background of Sino-Soviet disputes and Sino-North Korean conflicts and the consequent changes in Sino-North Korean relations. Moreover, in the process of sorting out the mess caused by the Rectification Movement and anti-right wing struggle of China, a policy change occurred in the Chinese Communist Party regarding North Korea and Korean-Chinese minorities. Actually, Chinese authorities attempted to encourage the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, but the emigration rate decreased.

참고자료

· 없음