포르투갈 카네이션 혁명에 관한 재조명 (A analysis of the ‘Revolução dos Cravos' of Portugal)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터
· 수록지 정보 : 국제지역연구 / 14권 / 2호 / 373 ~ 392페이지
· 저자명 : 조이환

초록

카네이션 혁명은 먼저 포르투갈 민주화의 시발점으로 큰 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 40년 이상 지속된 독재체제에 염증을 느낀 시민들의 절대적인 지지로 군사 구테타를 카네이션 혁명으로 만들어 주었으며 24시간 이내에 끝낸 무혈혁명으로 장식되었다.
카네이션 혁명은 대내적으로 사회당과 사회민주당이 선의의 경쟁을 통해서 포르투갈 정치의 발전을 꾀하고 상호 견제와 협조체제를 이루며 민주화의 성숙 단계로 힘차게 전진하고 있는 기틀을 마련한 혁명이라고 말할 수 있다.
대외적으로도 1986년 유럽연합에 가입하여 유로화로 통일하고, 유럽 연합을 통해서 다른 유럽 국가들과 상호 협력아래 정치적 경제적, 문화적 모든 면에서 활발하게 교류함으로서 균형 있는 발전을 이룰 수 있게 되었다. 이런 일에 초석이 된 카네이션 혁명을 결코 과소평가 할 없 없다고 생각한다.

영어초록

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and review the Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos). The beginning of the democratization process in Portugal came with the Carnation Revolution on 25 de April 1974, led by the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA).
I should note that traditionally Portuguese political culture had always allowed for a certain degree of military participation. In this century, previous changes of regime had been accompanied by military by military intervention: from monarchy to Republic on 5 October 1910; from democratic Republic to dictatorship on 28 May 1926. Antonio Oliveira Salazar, who built a political system ‘Estado Novo', never forgot to involve the upper military hierarchy.
In this context, the MFA's program, which guided the military intervention, looked to the removal of the old regime's leading figures and the abolition of its support organizations. The formal power structure established by the MFA was headed by the Junta of the National Salvation, made up of senior officers and chaired by General António de Spinola. Those assumed to be the most influencial political parties were asked by the MFA to take part in the Provisional Governments.
It seems that the five party systems is now moving towards what has been called a ‘double hegemony system'. This is a two-party system: the PSD on the right and PS on the left. Each has a real possibility of attaining power.
The political culture in Portugal seems different nowadays from what it was on the eyes the first president, Ramalho Eanes. The constitutional debated has ended, as a very mature and balanced revision has taken place. The ideological basis of the constitution, such as the commitment to the construction socialism, or the irreversibility of the nationalizations, has been removed. The new text emphasizes the ideal of on open society, with pluralistic and democratic procedures, and leaves the choice of specific policies to the free vote of citizens. This revision has been possible only with the cooperation of the two main parties; PSD and PS.
Another important feature of the new political culture is the consensus built around the Portuguese adhesion to the European Community.
Domestically, the Carnation Revolution can be defined not only as the revolution that sought to develop Portuguese politics through the good-will competition between Social Party and Social Democratic Party but also the foundation for the mature stage of democracy.
Internationally, Portugal entered into the European Economic Community in 1986 and used Euro, the single currency in 2001. It also sought the balanced development by actively exchanging political and economic and cultural resources with other EU countries under mutual cooperation. The Carnation Revolution can't be underestimated in all these aspects.
The effects of the carnation revolution spread to Spain which is dominated by Franco the dictator, Peru, Argentina, Brazil, and other Eastern Europe countries, so it can be valued to contribute to the development of their democracy.

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