大元제국 말기 재상 톡토의 獨裁 정치와 몰락 (Dictatorship of minister Toγto and his downfall at the end of the Yuan Empire)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 143호 / 239 ~ 271페이지
· 저자명 : 권용철

초록

In the 9th year of Zhizheng(1349), Toγto practiced various policies arbitrarily after returning to a Chancellor of the Right(右丞相) with the support of Huizong(惠宗) and Empress Qi(奇皇后). Unlike the first ruling period(1340～1344), however, Toγto accepted the symbolic status of powerful vassal with no objection. And the problem was that in the process of implementing the reform policy, Toγto was supported by Huizong and showed more dogmatic behavior than before.
Toγto pushed the bureaucrats who give critical comments to the province, and the atmosphere of the Yuan court has been forced to be crushed. Even when his brother Esen-Temür did not succeed in repressing the Red Turban and was defeated and returned, he extruded the bureaucrats who voiced criticism. This would have raised a strong discontent with the dictatorship of Toγto, but in 1352 Toγto succeeded in suppressing the Red Turban in Xuzhou(徐州), strengthening his authority. As a result, the sole chancellor system centered on Toγto gradually became established.
However, in the 13th year of Zhizheng(1353), the son of Empress Qi Ayushiridara became crown prince, and the empire’s political situation flowed in another direction. Since Ayushiridara became the crown prince, the influence of Empress Qi was further expanded. At this time, Qama, who was in a political confrontation with Toγto, attacked the Toγto using a method of touching the bloodline weakness of Empress Qi and Ayushiridara. Qama led the support of Huizong as well as the Empress Qi, so Toγto was impeached while repressing Gaoyou(高郵) and followed the order of eviction without showing any willingness to resist. Even though Toγto had a lot of political power, he did not have the idea of ​​developing a power struggle against the emperor’s orders. In the end, Toγto’s dogmatic appearance in the 1350s was based on the harmonious relationship between Huizong, Empress Qi, and Ayushiridara. But since Huizong, Empress Qi, and Ayushiridara all intervened in the power struggle that occurred as a result of political gap, Toγto accepted the sudden “defeat” without resistance.

영어초록

In the 9th year of Zhizheng(1349), Toγto practiced various policies arbitrarily after returning to a Chancellor of the Right(右丞相) with the support of Huizong(惠宗) and Empress Qi(奇皇后). Unlike the first ruling period(1340～1344), however, Toγto accepted the symbolic status of powerful vassal with no objection. And the problem was that in the process of implementing the reform policy, Toγto was supported by Huizong and showed more dogmatic behavior than before.
Toγto pushed the bureaucrats who give critical comments to the province, and the atmosphere of the Yuan court has been forced to be crushed. Even when his brother Esen-Temür did not succeed in repressing the Red Turban and was defeated and returned, he extruded the bureaucrats who voiced criticism. This would have raised a strong discontent with the dictatorship of Toγto, but in 1352 Toγto succeeded in suppressing the Red Turban in Xuzhou(徐州), strengthening his authority. As a result, the sole chancellor system centered on Toγto gradually became established.
However, in the 13th year of Zhizheng(1353), the son of Empress Qi Ayushiridara became crown prince, and the empire’s political situation flowed in another direction. Since Ayushiridara became the crown prince, the influence of Empress Qi was further expanded. At this time, Qama, who was in a political confrontation with Toγto, attacked the Toγto using a method of touching the bloodline weakness of Empress Qi and Ayushiridara. Qama led the support of Huizong as well as the Empress Qi, so Toγto was impeached while repressing Gaoyou(高郵) and followed the order of eviction without showing any willingness to resist. Even though Toγto had a lot of political power, he did not have the idea of ​​developing a power struggle against the emperor’s orders. In the end, Toγto’s dogmatic appearance in the 1350s was based on the harmonious relationship between Huizong, Empress Qi, and Ayushiridara. But since Huizong, Empress Qi, and Ayushiridara all intervened in the power struggle that occurred as a result of political gap, Toγto accepted the sudden “defeat” without resistance.

참고자료

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