고구려 도성의 의례공간과 왕권의 위상 (The Ritual space inside the Koguryo capital, and the status of the King's authority)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국고대사연구 / 71호 / 55 ~ 96페이지
· 저자명 : 여호규

초록

이 글은 고구려 도성의 의례공간과 왕권의 위상 변화를 고찰한 것이다.
고구려 초기에는 계루부 왕실의 궁실과 그 주변의 제의건물이 중추적인 의례공간의 위상을 확보하지 못한 상태였다. 東盟祭가 최상위 국가의례였고, 그 제장인 도성 동쪽의 천연동굴과 압록강변이 최상위 의례공간이었다. 왕궁 중심의 위계적 의례공간 체계가 확립되지 않았는데, 桂婁部 출신 왕이 초월적 위상을 확립하지 못한 것과 연관된다.
3세기 중후반 중앙집권체제 정비와 더불어 국내성지를 중심으로 도성경관이 본격적으로 형성되었다. 처음에는 초대형 왕릉을 조영하여 도성의 공간구조를 재편하고 太王의 초월적 위상을 과시하였다. 그러다가 4세기 말에 왕궁 주변에 國社와 宗廟를 새롭게 건립하여 국가 제사체계를 개편하면서 의례공간도 재편하였다. 이로써 王宮과 그 주변의 제의시설이 도성의 중추적인 의례공간으로 격상되었다.
6세기 중반 이후 귀족연립체제로의 전환과 더불어 왕권이 크게 약화되었지만, 왕궁 중심의 의례공간 체계는 지속되었다. 또한 매년 도성 외곽에서 정기적인 의례를 거행하면서 4郊 관념을 확립하고, 羅城 내부만 都城으로 인식하는 공간관념도 정립하였다. 다만 최고 실권자인 大對盧 선임을 위한 정치적 회합이나 대결이 宮 밖에서 전개된 데서 보듯이 의례공간과 권력행사의 名實이 부합하지 않는 양상을 띠었다.

영어초록

In the early days of Koguryo, the palace of the Gye’ru-bu(桂婁部) royal family, and the adjacent structures supposedly meant for rituals, were not fully established as an official space for ceremonial rituals. Dong’maeng-je(東盟祭) was the most prominent dynastic ritual for Koguryo at the time, and the stage for such ritual, the natural cave in the east side of the capital, as well as the Abrok-gang river area, were the most important places reserved for crucial rituals to be held throughout the entire dynasty. The fact that a hierarchy-based ritual performance system, with a firm center or space, was still not established at the time lets us know the status of the kings from this Gye’ru-bu faction, which was still rather weak.
In the middle and latter half period of the 3rd century, the central governing system was firmly established, and the landscape of the capital was developed around the Guk’nae-seong vestige(國內城址). At first, gigantic royal mausoleums were created in order to redesign the internal structure of the capital, and to promote the magnificent king(太王)’s transcending authorities. And at the end of the 4th century, Guksa(國社) altars and the dynastic shrine(Jongmyo, 宗廟) were newly erected around the capital, which led to revisions made to the dynastic memorial service system as well as the ritual spaces arranged for it. As a result, the royal palace and the nearby ritual stages became primary ritual spaces inside the capital city.
After the middle period of the 6th century, the general governance of Koguryo witnessed an alliance between aristocratic houses, and the authority of the king was severly weakened. But the ritual spaces with the royal palace at the center were maintained. Also, rituals were regularly held in the immediate outside of the capital, resulting in the formation of the “Four Gyo(4郊)” concept, and a perception of viewing only the inside of the Na’seong(羅城) wall as the ‘capital(都城)’ was newly conceived as well. Yet substantial political decisions like appointing the Dae’dae’ro(大對盧) figure which was the most powerful seat at the time, or competitions over that seat as well, all took place outside the royal palace. In other words, ritual spaces and spaces of political power were not in sync.

참고자료

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