자동차부품업의 비용과 이윤 효율의 분해 분석 : 방향거리함수를 중심으로 (Decomposition analysis of the cost and profit efficiency of the auto parts industry: Based on the Directional Distance Function)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국생산성학회
· 수록지 정보 : 생산성연구: 국제융합학술지 / 36권 / 3호 / 61 ~ 92페이지
· 저자명 : 신연경, 강상목

초록

본 연구의 목적은 39개 코스피·코스닥에 상장되어 있는 자동차 부품 제조기업의 비용과 이윤효율을 방향거리함수를 이용하여 측정하고 각각 기술효율과 할당효율로 분해하여 보고자 함이다. 39개 기업의 방향비용효율은 평균 0.63으로서 코스닥 기업이 0.631, 코스피 기업이 0.643으로 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 비용효율을 내부적으로 분해한 결과, 비효율은 기술비효율에 있으므로 자동차 부품 제조기업의 생산 활동과 관리 프로세스에 더많은 개선이 필요해 보인다. 방향이윤효율의 평균은 3.407이고 코스닥과 코스피 기업에 따른 차이는 크지 않다. 방향효율을 분해해 보면, 비용효율과는 반대로 할당비효율이 더 큰 요인으로 나타난다. 이는 이윤을 극대화할 경우 최대이윤점으로 이동은 산출물가격 뿐만 아니라 저렴한 투입요소 가격에 자원을 배정하는 최적화가 이루어지지 못한다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 기업들이 비용보다는 이윤관점에서 초점을 두고 투입요소의 적정할당에 보다 노력할 필요가 있음을 보여주고 있다. 즉, 비용관점의 할당효율의 제고는 비용을 최소화하는데에 초점이 맞춰있어서 이윤최대화에는 적합하지 못하다. 따라서 향후 이윤을 중심으로 자원이 배분되고 할당효율도 제고하는 노력이 필요하다. 또한, 두 모형으로 측정한 결과를 종합해 보면 공통적으로 자동차 부품 제조기업은 측정한 모든 모형에서 높은 비효율의 값과 기업 간의 편차를 보였다. 더불어 매출 규모와 효율성의상관관계를 분석해 본 결과, 두 모형 모두 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업의 규모와 상관없이자동차 부품 제조기업은 전반적인 비효율 개선이 필요하다. 각 기업의 요소 가격에 따른 최적의 배분은 항상고정된 것이 아니기에, 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 성과와 대비시킨 최적의 할당을 고려한 안정적인 기업 운영을 해나가야 할 것이다.

영어초록

The automobile industry is Korea’s representative industry and is regarded as the nation’s key industry leading the national economy. The automobile industry, which has a greater economic ripple effect than other industries, affects almost all industries such as steel, electronics, machinery, and electricity, and contributes a lot to job creation and national interest. Korea’s automobile industry ranks 7th in the world, and the domestic market size was 126.77 trillion won in 2015, 135.49 trillion won in 2016, 136.03 trillion won in 2017, 135.81 trillion won in 2018, and 137.89 trillion won in 2019. In addition, the sales of the automobile industry were 201.02 trillion won in 2015, 189.90 trillion won in 2016, 186.29 trillion won in 2017, 182.21 trillion won in 2018, and 189.09 trillion won in 2019.
As such, this study aims to measure cost and profit efficiency in 2019 and 2020 using the directional distance function of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for 39 companies listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ among automobile parts manufacturers, a major key industry in the country. In addition, the cause of inefficiency is also analyzed by decomposing the measured efficiency values into technology efficiency and allocation efficiency. This study is meaningful in that efficiency can be analyzed in various ways in two models, and the cause of inefficiency can be found beyond efficiency measurement through decomposition.
According to the measurement results, most of the auto parts manufacturers showed high inefficiency in all models, and there was also a large variation between companies. This can be said to be the result of not having properly equipped the process of manpower and facilities in line with the flow of the rapidly changing automobile market. In addition, as a result of decomposing the values to analyze the causes of inefficiencies, when the output was given and the direction was given by focusing only on cost minimization to minimize all inputs, it was found that the cause of cost inefficiency was more attributable to technology inefficiency.
However, when the direction of maximizing profits in the short term and minimizing only the inputs that can be adjusted in the short term is given, the allocation inefficiency is relatively high. Ultimately, it can be said that the improvement of technology inefficiency and allocation inefficiency is necessary at the same time. In addition, the correlation between sales size and efficiency was found to be low, so it was possible to derive the result that the company does not necessarily operate efficiently just because the sales size is large.
The auto parts manufacturing industry has been a labor-intensive industry since the past and has contributed greatly to revitalizing the local economy. However, as there has been a recent shift to smart factories and automation, large factor costs are being spent, and the demand for labor is gradually changing to a pattern in which high-quality manpower is required. Accordingly, companies should compare the achievement using labor and the achievement using cutting-edge equipment, and check the price of each element frequently. Even if a machine is put in, there may also be a situation in which a large number of manpower to manage and handle the machine may be required, so a flexible replacement between inputs considering the price of the input is required. Efforts should also be made to explore ways to innovate the production activity system that can achieve the maximum level of production technology.

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