니콜라이 2세 통치 후기(1906~1917) 검열의 변화와 특성 (The Change and Characteristics of Censorship during the Latter Years of Nicholas II (1906-1917))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 동유럽발칸연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 동유럽발칸연구 / 39권 / 5호 / 113 ~ 142페이지
· 저자명 : 김용환

초록

본 논문은 니콜라이 2세 통치 후기(1906~1917) 러시아 검열의 변화와 그 특성을 1905년 혁명 이후, 이른바 ‘쇄신된 체제’와 제1차 세계대전기의 전시검열 체제 속에서 고찰한 것이다. 비상계엄 하의 검열, 법제의 변화, 전시검열, 선제적 검열과 자본검열의 문제를 구체적으로 살핌으로써 이 시기 러시아 언론계의 상황과 연동해 전제정부가 선택한 통제의 방식과 변화의 양상을 밝히고자 하였다.
1905년 혁명 이후 지속된 자본주의적 근대화 과정은 언론의 발전과 검열의 변화에 지대한 영향을 끼쳤다. 비상계엄과 전시검열 체제 하에서 언론에 대한 통제를 강화한 정부는 전통적 방식에 의한 담론의 차단에 만족하지 않고 직접 ‘온건’을 유포함으로써 ‘불온’을 차단하려는 ‘선제적 검열’을 시도하였다. 이와 더불어 나타난 러시아 검열 체제에서 중요한 변화는 산업 및 금융자본이 검열의 주체로 등장하였다는 점이다. 검열의 유일 주체로서 언론과 상호작용하던 국가권력은 새로운 조건들 속에서 유력 자본가들과 언론에 대한 통제를 나누어야 했고 언론은 국가와 자본의 틈바구니에서 검열의 내면화를 강요받게 되었다. 결론적으로 니콜라이 2세 통치 후반기 러시아의 검열의 특성은 비상계엄과 전시검열 체제 하의 전통적 검열, 정부 재정과 특혜를 활용한 선제적 검열, 산업 및 금융자본의 영향력 하의 자본검열이 복합적으로 작동했다는데 있다.

영어초록

The purpose of this study is to illuminate the changing shape of the Russian censorship during the latter years of Nicholas II's reign in a revamped system since the 1905 revolution and the changes of the Wartime censorship system caused by World War I.
Since the 1905 revolution, the sustained process of modernization had been very influential on progress of the press. Rising subscribers, improvements of the printing press, the development of communication devices, the expansion of traffic infrastructure and the public postal network, and increased political interest in society became key factors in the growth of the Russian press. These changes in the press created an impetus towards a censorship system.
After the 1905 revolution, the situation of the Russian press had deteriorated by means of martial law being proclaimed in almost every part of the Russia. In 1906, government modified various laws and regulations of censorship, and decided to make a new law. Based on the Maklakov’s bill, ‘The Commission on the development of the law project about printing’ in state Duma adopted a bill as amended. However, the bill could not come into force because of the First World War, instead ‘Provisional regulations on military censorship’ was promulgated on July 20, 1914.
Adhering to wartime censorship protocols, pre-censorship had been restored by military censors. It was impossible to establish printing facilities without government permission; the government had increased the penalties for violators of provisional regulations. The government tightened control on the press under martial law and the wartime censorship regime. The government was not content with obstruction of discourse by conventional methods, and developed ‘proactive censorship’ that actively spread moderate views to curb dangerous information.
In addition to this, significant changes in Russian censorship system that financial and industrial capitals aggressively advanced into the press field. Big capitalists invested in the media with a view to creating new revenue, to advertize successfully, and to promote an amicable political environment. A large number of media outlets had been converted to public limited companies. The influx of capital contributed to the growth of the press, but on the other hand, produced serious side effects that made the press became subordinate to the capital.
In conclusion, there are three factors to the characteristics of censorship in the latter years of Nikolai II’s reign, the strengthening of the conventional censorship by means of martial law and wartime censorship protocols, proactive censorship by finance and perks of the government and capital censorship by private financial and industrial capitals.

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