조선시대와 대한제국기 國璽의 변화상 (Changes in State Seal of Joseon Dynasty and Korean Empire)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사실학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 실학 / 36호 / 85 ~ 112페이지
· 저자명 : 성인근

초록

‘Guksae’ means state seal. It is the seal of ruler of a country and symbol of the country. The term ‘guksae’ has been used in Korea since the period of the Three States and the concept hasn’t changed. Some records in Joseon era indicates that guise was installed and reverberated from ‘Ming’ and ‘Ching’ and some diplomatic documents in relation with China had cases that used it. In this paper, I collected seal shape of Joseon guksae and readjusted relevant documents, letters and type style, and period of use. Moreover, I briefly reviewed about making of guksae due to changes of diplomatic relationship with Japan during Gabogyeongjang period and the status of empire during Korean Empire period with change pattern of guksae.
‘Joseon-gukwang-ji-in (Joseon King’s Seal)’ with probation was the first guksae that received from Ming in June 1401. Including this, Joseon Dynasty received guksae from Ming and Ching for three times each. I found out about Joseon era’s guksae by arranging reverberation period, relevant documents, jewel documents, type style, and period of use of each guksae. The three guksae received from Ming had almost similar forms and the guksaes received from Ching had changes of pattern with Chinese letter and Manchurian letter. The guksae received in November 1637 had ‘Joseon-gukwang-ji-in’ engraved with Manchurian letter, and the second one received in 1653 had Chinese letter and Manchurian letter in one seal.
Meanwhile, I found out from ‘Yeongjodae’ record that Joseon made and used a seal before receiving the first guksae from Ming. The jewel letter was ‘Joseon-wang-bo (Joseon King’s Jewel)’ and it was recorded in ‘Gang-sun-yong-gyo-ji’ that is possessed by ‘Gyujanggak’ and with information about its size, type style, and spot. The guksae was made during ‘Taejo’ era when no precedent security case of Goryeo’S guksae, so this information could show the history of Goryeo in actual object.
Around Gabogyeongjang period, Joseon ended the relationship to serve China and abolished guksae installation system but made its own guksae and used it. Moreover, Joseon’s relationship with Japan was also changed so the existing custom to use ‘Wi-jeong-yi-deok’ in the country’s book was abolished but new guksae was made and used. Total number of guksae became with nine subjects. There were some changes from the jewel letter in guksae reverberated in existing supremacy ; the letter ‘in (seal)’ was changed to letter ‘bo (jewel)’ and the installation name was changed from ‘Joseon-guk-wang (King of Joseon)’ to ‘Dae Joseon (Great Joseon)’ as the country name. The handle had ‘guyu (turtle)’ shape as previous one.
Gojong made a new guksae which was suitable for the empire when he established Korean Empire. Three types of guksae including ‘Dae-han-guk-sae (Korean guksae)’, ‘Hwangje-ji-sae (Emperor’s guksae’), and ‘Hwangje-ji-bo (Emperor’s jewel)’. There are some changes from the guksaes received from Ming and Ching. First, the handles were changed from ‘Guyu (turtle)’ to ‘Yongyu (dragon)’ shape. The jewel letter was changed from ‘in (seal)’ to ‘guksae (state seal)’ and ‘bo (jewel)’. The type style was also changed from complex ‘Cheobjeon’ to simple ‘Sajeon’ style. The changed guksae reflected the position which was changed from a feudal country to an empire. Moreover, some internal palace diplomatic document implied that a guksae called ‘Hwangje-eo-sae (Emperor’ seal)’ was existed although it was not in records.

영어초록

‘Guksae’ means state seal. It is the seal of ruler of a country and symbol of the country. The term ‘guksae’ has been used in Korea since the period of the Three States and the concept hasn’t changed. Some records in Joseon era indicates that guise was installed and reverberated from ‘Ming’ and ‘Ching’ and some diplomatic documents in relation with China had cases that used it. In this paper, I collected seal shape of Joseon guksae and readjusted relevant documents, letters and type style, and period of use. Moreover, I briefly reviewed about making of guksae due to changes of diplomatic relationship with Japan during Gabogyeongjang period and the status of empire during Korean Empire period with change pattern of guksae.
‘Joseon-gukwang-ji-in (Joseon King’s Seal)’ with probation was the first guksae that received from Ming in June 1401. Including this, Joseon Dynasty received guksae from Ming and Ching for three times each. I found out about Joseon era’s guksae by arranging reverberation period, relevant documents, jewel documents, type style, and period of use of each guksae. The three guksae received from Ming had almost similar forms and the guksaes received from Ching had changes of pattern with Chinese letter and Manchurian letter. The guksae received in November 1637 had ‘Joseon-gukwang-ji-in’ engraved with Manchurian letter, and the second one received in 1653 had Chinese letter and Manchurian letter in one seal.
Meanwhile, I found out from ‘Yeongjodae’ record that Joseon made and used a seal before receiving the first guksae from Ming. The jewel letter was ‘Joseon-wang-bo (Joseon King’s Jewel)’ and it was recorded in ‘Gang-sun-yong-gyo-ji’ that is possessed by ‘Gyujanggak’ and with information about its size, type style, and spot. The guksae was made during ‘Taejo’ era when no precedent security case of Goryeo’S guksae, so this information could show the history of Goryeo in actual object.
Around Gabogyeongjang period, Joseon ended the relationship to serve China and abolished guksae installation system but made its own guksae and used it. Moreover, Joseon’s relationship with Japan was also changed so the existing custom to use ‘Wi-jeong-yi-deok’ in the country’s book was abolished but new guksae was made and used. Total number of guksae became with nine subjects. There were some changes from the jewel letter in guksae reverberated in existing supremacy ; the letter ‘in (seal)’ was changed to letter ‘bo (jewel)’ and the installation name was changed from ‘Joseon-guk-wang (King of Joseon)’ to ‘Dae Joseon (Great Joseon)’ as the country name. The handle had ‘guyu (turtle)’ shape as previous one.
Gojong made a new guksae which was suitable for the empire when he established Korean Empire. Three types of guksae including ‘Dae-han-guk-sae (Korean guksae)’, ‘Hwangje-ji-sae (Emperor’s guksae’), and ‘Hwangje-ji-bo (Emperor’s jewel)’. There are some changes from the guksaes received from Ming and Ching. First, the handles were changed from ‘Guyu (turtle)’ to ‘Yongyu (dragon)’ shape. The jewel letter was changed from ‘in (seal)’ to ‘guksae (state seal)’ and ‘bo (jewel)’. The type style was also changed from complex ‘Cheobjeon’ to simple ‘Sajeon’ style. The changed guksae reflected the position which was changed from a feudal country to an empire. Moreover, some internal palace diplomatic document implied that a guksae called ‘Hwangje-eo-sae (Emperor’ seal)’ was existed although it was not in records.

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