안동체류기에 있어서 청음 김상헌의 활동과 문학 (Activities and Literary Works of Kim Sang-heon (金尙憲, also known as by his honored name, Cheong Eum, 淸陰) During the Period of Staying in Andong)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국국학진흥원
· 수록지 정보 : 국학연구 / 20호 / 497 ~ 526페이지
· 저자명 : 황만기

초록

본 논문은 청음 김상헌이 안동에 우거하면서의 활동상황과 그의 문학적인 측면을 살펴본 논문이다. 청음이 안동에 머물렀던 기간은 약 7년이다. 체류한 시기는 두 차례로 확인된다. 첫 번째는 1618년 광해군이 인목대비를 폐해야 한다는 북인정권의 혼정에 모든 것을 단념하고 어머니 이부인을 모시고 풍산으로 낙향하여 1621년 봄 양주 석실로 돌아가기까지 3년간 체류하였다. 이때 체류장소는 청원루에 기거하면서 삼구정이나 주변의 경치나 인물들을 탐방한 것으로 확인된다. 두 번째는 병자호란이 발발한 지 한 달 만에 인조가 성하지맹(城下之盟)을 맺고 남한산성을 나갈 때 그는 병든 몸으로 하직 인사를 고하고는 마침내 정축년(1637) 2월 7일 풍산으로 낙향한 것이다. 이듬해 서미동 목석거로 은거해서 1640년 11월 심양으로 압송되기 전까지 3년 9개월간의 생활이다. 문학적 활동은 두 번째 시기를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 두 번째 시기에서 청음은 북벌에 대한 의지를 다지는 계기를 마련하였다. 형식적으로는 은거생활을 지향한 것으로 보이지만, 실상은 청에 대한 복수심을 불태우는 시간이었다. 이후 청음은 1640년 12월 심양으로 압송되어 그곳에서 6년간 억류되어 있으면서 북벌에 대한 집념은 더욱 더 확고하게 된다. 그리고 심양에서 돌아온 이후부터는 북벌에 대한 구체적인 행동실천방안을 모색하게 된다. 이런 그의 북벌사상은 효종의 국가통치이념과 맞물려 한층 더 급물살을 타게 된 것이다. 그러나 북벌의 꿈을 이루기 전에 청음은 세상을 떠난다. 비록 생전에 꿈을 성취하지는 못했지만, 그의 이런 사상은 문인인 우암 송시열을 통해 최고조의 상황까지 도달하게 된 것이다. 이 북벌사상이 연암시대에 와서는 국제정세의 흐름을 제대로 인지하지 못했다는 비판을 받는 등 북벌 자체가 가지는 한계도 있었지만, 독립국가체제형성을 위한 격분의 아우성이었음을 감안하면 소홀히 취급할 수 없는 부분이다. 결국 이 북벌(北伐) 사상이 한 세기 뒤에 와서는 북학(北學)사상으로 변질된 것이다. 왜냐하면 18세기 연암의 시대에는 청이 국제적으로 우수한 문화를 가지고 있었기 때문에, 청은 더 이상 복수의 대상이 아니라 선진문물을 본받아야 할 모태가 된 것이다.

영어초록

This paper aims at looking into the status of Cheong Um, Kim Sang-heon’s literary activities while he was staying in Andong, and the aspects of his literary works as well. The period of time when Cheong Eum had stayed in Andong was about seven years and he had stayed there two times. In 1618, He gave up everything related to his government post because of chaotic political situations caused by the power of the fraction of Northerners in that the Northerners strongly argued that King Gwanghaegun should depose the Queen Dowager Inmok. Then, he left Hanyang (Seoul) to retire in the country of Pungsan taking his mother, Lady Lee, with him and in 1621, he moved to a village called Seok Sil in Yangju, and stayed there for about three years. It has been confirmed that during that period, Cheong Eum lived at Cheongwollu, and toured around nearby Samgujeong pavilion, and visited prominent people. Second period started from the year of Jeongchuk, 1637. This was the year when King Injo retreated from Namhan San Seong fortress having concluded a treaty signed under coercion after just one month from the outbreak of Manch Invasion (丙子胡亂, Byeongja Horan). At last, on February 7, 1637, he left Hangyang again to retire to the country of Pungsan having bidden a farewell to the King with his sick body. Next year, he retired to a hermitage in Seomidong, Mokseokgeo, and had lived there for three years and nine months until he was sent to Shen Yang under escort in November 1640. The researcher has investigated Cheong Eum’s literary activities with a focus on this second period of time. During this time, Cheong Eum had strengthened his willingness for an expedition to conquer the north. It seemed that Cheong Eum had sought a live in retirement just for form’s sake, however, he fed on his anger with retaliatory against Qing. In December 1640, Cheong Eum was transferred to prison in Shen Yang, and detained there for six years. And his tenacity for an expedition to conquer the north had become stronger. After returning from Shen Yang, he had sought a specific action plan for expedition to conquer the north. His thought had become more feasible having interlocked with King Hyojong’s state ruling principle. However, Cheong Eum passed away before accomplishing his goal of expedition to conquer the north. Although he had not achieved his aim during his lifetime, his thought had reached its peak through Uam Song Si-yeol, who was one of the prominent literati. In the era of Yeon Am, this thought on expedition to conquer the north revealed a limit in that had not fully recognized the stream of international situations. However, considering that it was an outcry in a rage in order for formation of independent state system, it cannot be dealt with in a negligent manner. In the end, century later the thought on expedition to conquer the north had been deteriorated as by Northern Learning. This is because, in the 18th century, the era of Yean Am, Qing’s culture was superior to other cultures, so then Qing dynasty had turned out to be a fertile ground to emulate and adopt advanced culture, not a subject to revenge any longer.

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