이탈리아 민법상 혼인의 효과 (Effects of Marriage in the Italian Civil Code)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선대학교 법학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 법학논총 / 19권 / 1호 / 343 ~ 365페이지
· 저자명 : 우병창, ZIMBARDO MARTA

초록

이 논문의 목적은 한국에 잘 알려져 있지 않은 이탈리아 법제의 일부로서 민법상 혼인의 효과에 대한 소개이다.
그 주요 내용은 크게 두 부분으로 나누어지는데 첫부분에서는 혼인의 일반적 효력을 살펴보고자 한다. 이 부분에서는 「이탈리아 민법」 제1편 제6장 제4절에 규정된 혼인에 따른 권리와 의무에 관하여 살펴본 후에 기타 일반적인 효력에 관하여 설명한다. 「이탈리아 민법」 제143조(배우자 상호 사이의 권리와 의무)에 의하여 부부는 서로 충실, 정신적․물질적 부양, 가족의 이익을 위한 협조, 동거의무를 지고, 또한 배우자 쌍방은 각자의 재산 및 직업이나 가사수행능력에 비례하여 가족의 필요에 대하여 분담하여야 할 의무를 진다. 그리고 「민법」 제147조에 의하여 배우자 쌍방은 혼인에 의하여 자녀의 능력, 성향 및 포부를 참작하여 자녀의 부양․가르침․교육의 의무를 진다.
두번째 부분은 혼인의 재산적 효력(즉 혼인시 부부재산제도)에 관한 부분이다. 이탈리아에서는 1975년에 가족법(민법)의 개정을 통하여 부부공동재산제가 법정부부재산제로 채택되었다. 이탈리아의 부부재산제도 또한 세부적으론 약정재산제와 법정재산제의 두가지로 나뉘는데 약정재산제는 부부가 반드시 법에 구속되는 것이 아니라 자유롭게 계약을 체결하여 부부 사이의 재산관계를 정할 수 있는 것으로서 부부는 법률상 규정된 부부재산계약제 중의 하나를 선택하여 쌍방의 재산에 관한 약정을 할 수 있다. 민법상 규정된 부부재산계약의 종류에는 부부별산제(separazione dei beni), 계약공동제(comunione convenzionale), 가족자금(fondo patrimoniale) 등이 있다.
끝으로 혼인의 효과에 관한 이탈리아 법제의 특징을 정리․평가함으로써 결론에 대신하고자 한다.

영어초록

This paper aims to provide an overview of the effects of marriage in the Italian Civil Code.
Effects of marriage can be divided into personal and pecuniary ones. The first part of this article discusses the personal effects, including the rights and duties between husband and wife deriving from marriage, the effect of marriage on parental duties, the effect of marriage on a woman's surname and other indirect effects. Personal effects mostly concern the rights and duties arising from marriage. Both spouses acquire the same rights and assume the same duties. These duties, that are fidelity, material and moral support, cooperation and cohabitation, are mutual and both husband and wife, according to their means and their ability for professional work or housework, must contribute to the family's need (Art. 143 of Civil Code). Regarding the effect of marriage on duties towards children, parents have the duty to maintain, instruct and educate their children, taking into account their capacity, natural inclinations and aspirations (Art. 147 of Civil Code). They must provide for these needs according to their means and their ability for professional work or housework, and if they do not have enough means, the ascendants, both legitimate and natural, must provide them (Art. 148 of Civil Code).
The second part of the paper aims to introduce the pecuniary effects of marriage, that is the matrimonial property system. In Italy through the 1975 family law reform, the community property system became the legal matrimonial property system. According to it, both spouses own together all properties acquired during the marriage (with the exception of personal assets), whether acquired together or separately. Revenues from the personal assets of each spouse and separate earnings collected but not consumed at the time of dissolution of the community and business enterprises established after the marriage and carried on by both spouses are also included (Art 177 of Civil Code).
Personal assets of the spouses include assets acquired before the marriage or acquired during marriage by gift or succession, items for personal use of one of the spouses, assets which serve the exercise of the profession of one of the spouses, damages and pensions obtained as compensation for the total or partial loss of the ability to work, and assets acquired by the transfer or exchange of personal propriety if expressly declared (Art. 179 of Civil Code).
The community property system is the legal system and it applies by default. All properties acquired, together or separately, during the marriage (with the exception of personal effects), belong jointly to both spouses. However, the spouses can choose, also after the celebration of the marriage, other regimes. They can prefer the separate property system, and doing so, they will own separately all property, pre-marital and marital (Art. 215 of Civil Code). They can also modify, with some restrictions though, the provision of community property regime. Besides, both spouses, only one of them or even a third party, can allocate some particular assets exclusively to the family's needs, establishing a family trust fund (Art. 167 of Civil Code).
The last part of the paper briefly discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the Italian effects of marriage relating system.

참고자료

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