화엄사 서오층석탑 부조 신장상 연구 (A Study on Relief-carved Buddhist Guardians on the West Five-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwaeomsa Temple)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 마한백제문화 / 32권 / 121 ~ 146페이지
· 저자명 : 윤여창

초록

본 논문은 통일신라시대에 많이 나타나는 신장상이 부조된 불탑 중에서 화엄사 서오층석탑에 대해 고찰한 것으로, 서오층석탑은 하층 기단에 십이지상, 상층 기단에 팔부중상, 1층 탑신에 사천왕상의 순서로 신장상을 배치하고 있어 주목되는 불탑이다. 이들 신장상은 탑을 장식하는 부조상으로 등장하기 시작하여 금강역사를 비롯한 다양한 상들이 부조되었으며, 이중 화엄사 서오층석탑은 사천왕-팔부중-십이지가 배치된 형식으로, 같은 형식으로는 영양 화천리 삼층석탑, 현리 삼층석탑 등이 있다.
화엄사의 석단 아래쪽에 위치한 동・서 오층석탑은 화엄사의 초창기 가람배치에 대한 기록이 거의 남아있지 않기 때문에, 두 석탑의 양식과 출토품을 통하여 연대를 추정해보면, 서오층석탑을 먼저 세우고, 동오층석탑은 그 후에 건립한 것으로 판단하여 쌍탑 가람으로는 조성되지 않았으며, 두 석탑은 축조시기와 의도를 달리하여 조성하였을 것으로 판단한다.
화엄사 서오층석탑 신장상 부조를 羅末麗初의 僧塔과 사천왕-팔부중-십이지 형식의 석탑과의 비교를 통해, 당시에 널리 퍼져있던 신중신앙이 탑 부조에 반영된 것으로 보아 이 석탑의 건립시기를 9세기 말 경으로 편년하였다. 9세기에는 華嚴宗의 華嚴神衆信仰의 영향으로 神將의 의미나 비중이 커짐에 따라 사천왕, 팔부중, 십이지 등 다양한 존상이 한 탑에 모두 표현된 것으로 보고, 이 중 십이지상은 신라 왕릉의 영향으로 방위와 시간의 역할을 하는 方位獸로 판단하였다. 또한 서오층석탑 부조상의 도상 파악을 통해서, 불교의 세계관을 설명하는 수미산의 형식을 축소한 불탑으로 보고자 한다.
이처럼 화엄사 서오층석탑은 화엄신중신앙을 표현하였으며, 9세기 말 불교신앙의 모습을 잘 보여주고 있는 불탑이다.

영어초록

This paper examines the Iconography of the reliefs on the West Five-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwaeomsa Temple(華嚴寺) among other Buddhist pagodas on which Buddhist Guardians that were in vogue in the Unified Silla period are carved.
The West Five-Story Stone Pagoda(西五層石塔) in Hwaeomsa Temple attracts attention as it has Buddhist guardians(神將像) arranged in the order of the Twelve Figures of the Zodiacal Animals(十二支) on its lower base, Eight Classes of Divine Beings(八部衆) on its upper base, Four Heavenly Kings(四天王) on its first story.
Buddhist Guardians, who are some of numerous Buddhist guardian deities(護法善神), subdue enemies by force and protect those who advocate Buddhist doctrines and receive, retain, study and recite Buddhist Scriptures.
the combinations of sacred images of Relief-carved Buddhist Guardians are largely divided into single images of Inwang, Four Heavenly Kings or Eight Classes of Divine Beings, combination of Four Heavenly Kings—Eight Classes of Divine Beings—the Twelve Figures of the Zodiacal Animals images, and combination of each sacred image and Four Heavenly Kings. Of these, We have Three-Story Pogodas at Hwacheon-ri and Hyeon-ri in Yeongyang that have the same form as the West Five-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwaeomsa Temple with the arrangement of Four Heavenly Kings-Eight Classes of Divine Beings-the Twelve Figures of the Zodiacal Animals.
Based on its style and excavated articles with few records of its cathedral layout, we can conjecture that the West Five-Story Pagoda preceded its East counterpart in the time order. Thus, it is believed that they were not created as twin pagodas.
This paper estimates the period in which the West Five-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwaeomsa Temple was built as the end of the 9th century, given that its reliefs of Buddhist Guardians are comparable to monk-stupas(僧塔) in the late Silla and early Goryeo periods and other stone pagodas in the 9th century, and that the faith in Guardians that prevailed in the periods is reflected in its reliefs. It also conjectures that the Three-Story Stone Pagodas at Hwacheon-ri and Hyeon-ri in Yeongyang were built between the end of the 9th century and the early 10th century.
It is conjectured that various Buddhist figures such as the Four Heavenly Kings, the Eight Classes of Divine Beings, and the Twelve Figures of the Zodiacal Animals were expressed on a single pagoda as the significance and importance of Guardians had increased due to the influence of the faith in Avatamsaka Buddhist Guardians(華嚴神衆信仰) of Avatamsaka school(華嚴宗) in the 9th century. However, as it is difficult to find deities corresponding to the signs of the Twelve Figures of the Zodiacal Animals though the Eight Classes of Divine Beings and the Heavenly Kings appear among other 40 type Buddhist Guardians in Avatamsaka Guardians Sūtra(華嚴神衆經), which was compiled before the early 10th century, this paper assumes that an animal that represents the direction(方位獸).
We can tell that the West Five-Story Stone Pagoda in Hwaeomsa Temple, as a Buddhist pagoda for the faith in Avatamsaka Buddhist Guardians and in Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha, well shows the aspects of Buddhism in the late 9th century.

참고자료

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