유리건판으로 보는 북한 지역의 조선 후기 범종과 향로 (Late Joseon Buddhist Temple Bells and Incense Burners in North Korea as Seen in Gelatin Dry Plates)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 미술사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 미술사연구 / 40호 / 141 ~ 161페이지
· 저자명 : 이용진

초록

유리건판을 속 북한 지역 사찰의 조선 후기 불교공예품은 범종과 향로를 대상으로 하였다. 범종은 17세기의 범종이 5점, 18세기의 범종이 1점, 19세기의 범종이 1점이었고, 향로는 유점사의 옥제궤형향로와 금동정형향로 2점이었다.
유리건판 속 조선 후기 범종은 釋王寺 <숭정6년명 범종>(1633), 釋王寺 <순치5년명 범종>, 귀주사 <강희10년명 범종>, <귀주사 범종>(17세기 후반), 성불사 <강희30년명 범종>(1691), 장안사 <강희47년명 범종>(1708), <도광10년 경인명 범종>(1830)을 대상으로 하였다. 이들 범종들은 명문과 양식을 통해 주종장을 추정할 수 있었다. 석왕사 <숭정6년명 범종>(1633)은 天宝, 성불사 <강희30년명 범종(1691)>은 智俊과 太行, <귀주사 범종(17세기 후반)>은 思印, 장안사 <강희47년명 범종(1708)>은 李海俊과 剋連, <도광10년 경인명 범종(1830)>은 李萬郁과 張敏喆 등이 제작에 참여했던 것을 알 수 있었다.
장인명을 확인할 수 없었던 석왕사 <순치5년명 범종>은 양식적 특징으로 보아 17세기 전‧중반에 활동한 淨祐, 信元, 元應, 智俊과 관련이 있을 것으로 추정하였으며, 귀주사 <강희10년명 범종>은 大化士 醉淸이 참여하였고, 사찰령 개정에 따른 귀주사 재산목록에는 취청을 이 종의 작가로 기록하고 있으나 승장의 여부는 확인할 수 없었다.
天宝와 智俊‧太行, 思印 등 17세기 주종장들은 남한 지역 이외에 조선 후기 북한 지역 사찰의 범종 제작에도 참여하였고, 이들의 활동 영역이 기존의 알려진 것 보다 광범위하였고, 문헌 기록 이외의 작품을 확인했다는 점에서도 의미가 있다.
향로는 2점만을 다루었으나 모두 유점사에서 사용하던 것들이었다. 이 향로들은 명‧청대에 방제한 옥제궤형향로와 금동정형향로를 수입해 왕실의 원찰이었던 유점사에 하사한 것들이다. 조선 후기 왕실 원찰에 하사한 공양품을 대표하는 것은 용주사에 하사한 정조의 정형향로가 대표적이지만, 유점사의 향로는 정조 이전 조선 왕실에서 수용하였던 방고옥기와 방고동기의 흐름과 알 수 있었다는 점에서 유점사의 향로는 중요한 의미가 있다.

영어초록

Gelatin dry plates produced in Korea during the colonial era by the Japanese Government-General show some late-Joseon Buddhist craftworks at temples currently in North Korea, such as Buddhist temple bells and incense burners. These include five bells from the seventeenth century, one from the eighteenth century, another from the nineteenth century, and the Jade Gui-shaped Incense Burner and Gilt-bronze Ding-shaped Incense Burner at Yujeomsa Temple.
Among the late-Joseon Buddhist temple bells depicted in gelatin dry plates are the Bell with Inscription of the Sixth Year (1633) of the Reign of Emperor Chongzhen and Bell with Inscription of the Fifth Year of the Reign of Emperor Shunzhi at Seokwangsa Temple; Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi and another bell from the late seventeenth century at Gwijusa Temple; the Bell with Inscription of the Thirtieth Year (1691) of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Seongbulsa Temple; Bell with Inscription of the Forty-seventh Year (1708) of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Jangansa Temple; and Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year (1830 or Gyeongin Year) of the Reign of Emperor Daoguang. The artisans who produced them can be identified based on the inscriptions and styles of these bells. For example, Cheonbo (天宝) participated in the production of the Bell with Inscription of the Sixth Year of the Reign of Emperor Chongzhen at Seokwangsa Temple; Jijun (智俊) and Taehaeng (太行) worked on the Bell with Inscription of the Thirtieth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Seongbulsa Temple; Sain (思印) was involved in the creation of the bell from the late seventeenth century at Gwijusa Temple; Yi Hae-jun (李海俊) and Keukryeon (剋連) created the Bell with Inscription of the Forty-seventh Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Jangansa Temple; and Yi Man-uk (李萬郁) and Jang Min-cheol (張敏喆) were connected to the Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Daoguang.
As for other bells whose inscriptions do not include the names of the artisans involved, stylistic characteristics can be applied to suggest artisans who might have participated in their production. The creation of the Bell with Inscription of the Fifth Year of the Reign of Emperor Shunzhi at Seokwangsa Temple is likely connected to Jeongu (淨祐), Sinwon (信元), Woneung (元應), and Jijun, all of whom were active in the early and mid-seventeenth century. In the case of the Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Gwijusa Temple, Daehwasa Chwicheong (大化士 醉淸) is presumed to have participated in its production. According to the “List of Properties in Gwijusa Temple Based on the Revised Temple Law,” Chwicheong is recorded as the maker of its bell. However, whether or not he was a monk artisan is unclear.
The gelatin dry plates of these Buddhist temple bells are significant in that they reveal that many seventeenth-century bell-casting artisans, including Cheonbo, Jijun, Taehaeng, and Sain, were active in a broader area than had been previously known as they participated in the creation of bells for temples in both present-day South and North Korea. It is also meaningful that works by these artisans have been identified beyond those known from written historical records.
The gelatin dry plates from North Korean regions show only two incense burners: the Jade Gui-shaped Incense Burner and the Gilt-bronze Ding-shaped Incense Burner. Both were used at Yujeomsa Temple. The late-Joseon royal court imported these Ming and Qing copies of Chinese ancient bronze or jade vessels and bestowed them on the royal temple Yujeomsa. The Ding-shaped Incense Burner that King Jeongjo bestowed upon Yongjusa Temple is a classic example of the offerings given by the royal court to its temples during the late Joseon period. These two incense burners at Yujeomsa Temple are also noteworthy in that they demonstrate the use of copies of ancient Chinese bronze or jade vessel imported by the Joseon royal court before the reign of King Jeongjo.

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