중국 해상법상 용선계약에 관한 고찰 (Study on the Charter Party under the Chinese Maritime Law)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동아대학교 법학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 동아법학 / 70호 / 249 ~ 280페이지
· 저자명 : 정영석, 성해연

초록

용선계약법의 원조라 할 수 있는 영국이 용선계약에 관한 성문법규를 가지고 있지 않는 판례법인 반면 중국은 중국 해상법이라는 성문법규에서 용선계약에 관한 명문의 규정을 두고 있다는 점에서 성문법규성, 서면계약성, 해사성을 특징이라 할 수 있다. 임의법규성은 부합계약이 아닌 용선계약에서는 당연한 특징으로서 전 세계 모든 해상법이 그렇게 해석하고 있다고 본다. 다만, 항해용선계약은 중국 해상법 제4장 해상화물운송계약의 제7절에서 규정하고 있고, 동장의 제1절 일반규정에서 제4장의 규정을 모두 강행법규로 규정하고 있기 때문에 해석상 문제가 될 수 있다. 입법상 개품운송계약과 구분하지 못한 오류가 아닌가 판단한다.
선체용선계약은 전형적인 임대차계약의 일종으로 「중국 해상법」은 선박소유자의 권리와 의무, 용선자의 권리와 의무에 대하여 비교적 상세한 규정을 두고 있는데, 대체로 Barecon 89의 내용을 수용하고 있어서 「중국 해상법」의 특징은 미미한 것으로 보인다. 정기용선계약은 Baltime, 항해용선계약은 Gencon의 내용을 수용하고 있다는 점에서 역시 「중국 해상법」의 특징은 찾아보기 어렵다. 다만, 해상법을 제정할 당시 영국법을 대폭 수용하려는 의도를 보였지만, 최초 제정 당시의 전문가들이 일본의 학계의 영향을 많이 받은 상태였기 때문에 영국과는 달리 정기용선계약과 선체용선계약을 선박임대차계약이라는 관점에서, 항해용선계약은 운송계약이라는 관점에서 입법하게 된 것으로 보인다.

영어초록

As of the end of the year 2013, Korea was ranked number one in the import of China and China was the biggest trade partner of Korea, which directly shows the economic development between the two countries. Most of the import or export goods are carried by sea transportation. In this sense charter parties are widely used as an important contract type for carriage of goods by sea. Therefore maritime law can be said to be a very important source of law in international transaction.
Considering the volume of the trade and the shipping power of both countries, the Korean Commercial Code or the Chinese Maritime Code should be the governing law with respect to the trade between Korea and China, though English law is still chosen as the governing law in many contracts. Nevertheless we need to enhance our understanding on the charter party law of China in preparation for the future when the Korean Commercial Code or the Chinese Maritime Code are more often chosen as the governing law of contracts.
While English law, which can be said to be the origin of the charter party law, has a case law system and does not have a written code for the charter party law, China has a written code, i.e. the Chinese Maritime Code, which regulates charter party contracts. Thus, the Chinese Maritime Code can be said to have features for written codes and written contracts and it has the maritime procedure and courts under the Maritime Litigation Special Code. As a manifest feature of the Chinese Maritime law, disputes under the charter parties belong to the maritime litigation. A charter party law is a dispositive law, which is a natural feature of it. All the maritime laws of the world are interpreted in that way.
A bare boat charter party is one of the typical leasing (or demise charter) contracts and the Chinese Maritime Code has relatively specific regulations for the rights and obligations of the ship owners and the rights and obligations of the charterers. It has adopted the contents of Barecon 89 in general and thus does not have its own features. For time charter parties, the Chinese Maritime Code has adopted the contents of Baltime and, for voyage charter parties, it has adopted Gencon. It does not have its own features for both time charterparty and voyage charterparty, too. Nevertheless, though the Chinese law makers tried to adopt English law widely, they were already influenced by the Japanese academia and they regulated time charter party and bareboat charter party under the concept of the vessel leasing contract and regulated voyage charter party under the concept of contract of carriage of goods.

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