원산화교와 배화폭동(排華暴動) (The 1931 Anti-Chinese Riots in Wonsan of Colonial Northern Joseon and the Shift of Overseas Chinese)

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초록

This paper examines the situations and processes of the anti-Chinese riots from a local perspective in 1931, as well as changes in the Chinese community in response to the riots. The accident of anti-Chinese riots marked a chapter in the history of overseas Chinese in Korea and had a deep-reaching impact in their lives and economic situations. However, with the exception of Incheon, detailed studies on the riots by region have not been carried out yet.
Firstly, the anti-Chinese riots of Wonsan are examined in terms of local characteristics. Since the mid-1920s, Chinese merchants in Wonsan had been threatening grain merchants of Joseon by importing large quantities of millet from northern area of the state of Manju through Vladivostok, thus reducing freight time and costs and offering more attractive prices. Despite measures by grain merchants of Joseon to reject grains from Chinese merchants, the bulk of Manchurian millet imports were held by Chinese merchants until the late 1920s. In the late 1920s, the labor rights movement took hold in Wonsan, leading to frequent strikes among transport workers. The consignors responded to these strikes by employing Chinese laborers. Key examples of such strikes include the Wonsan laborers’ strike in June 1927 and the Wonsan general strike in January 1929.
The accident of 1931 riots broke out in Incheon on July 3rd. Meanwhile there were more damages of human lives in Wonsan where a riot had broken out since the evening of the 4th than in Incheon, and the overseas Chinese under the Wonsan Vice Consulate were exposed to the riots, with the exception of a few who managed to reach designated shelters. In the Wonsan Vice Consulate, the majority of victims chose to return to China instead of remaining in Joseon, making it difficult to track down their addresses. Thus, fewer victims ended up receiving the relief funds. This was also related to the capacities of the vice consulate.
Next, the study examines the changes to the status of overseas Chinese in Wonsan following the riots. The textile wholesale importers in the main stream of the Wonsan overseas Chinese society, were badly hit by the riots. Following the riots, 3 of the 4 major textile import wholesalers in Wonsan closed down, leaving just Detaiyuan(德泰源). Yongshunhao(永順號), a grain importer that grew rapidly in the mid-1920s, also had to close down. However, Tianhede(天和德), an exporter of Joseon sea cucumber and furs, remained in business even after the riots. This paper focuses on how Detaiyuan and Tianhede were able to continue its operations even after the riots. Although the Qing Concession in Wonsan was abolished after the annexation of Korea by Japan, the leases in perpetuity held by overseas Chinese in Wonsan were still protected. Detaiyuan held the largest land lease in China Town(支那町) in 1920, while Tianhede held the second largest land lease, with properties outside of China Town. In terms of business operations, both Detaiyuan and Tianhede showed outstanding performance. Although the riots did cause a contraction in their business activities, Detaiyuan and Tianhede were able to respond to changes in commercial networks based on existing land assets, maintaining their status within the overseas Chinese society.

영어초록

This paper examines the situations and processes of the anti-Chinese riots from a local perspective in 1931, as well as changes in the Chinese community in response to the riots. The accident of anti-Chinese riots marked a chapter in the history of overseas Chinese in Korea and had a deep-reaching impact in their lives and economic situations. However, with the exception of Incheon, detailed studies on the riots by region have not been carried out yet.
Firstly, the anti-Chinese riots of Wonsan are examined in terms of local characteristics. Since the mid-1920s, Chinese merchants in Wonsan had been threatening grain merchants of Joseon by importing large quantities of millet from northern area of the state of Manju through Vladivostok, thus reducing freight time and costs and offering more attractive prices. Despite measures by grain merchants of Joseon to reject grains from Chinese merchants, the bulk of Manchurian millet imports were held by Chinese merchants until the late 1920s. In the late 1920s, the labor rights movement took hold in Wonsan, leading to frequent strikes among transport workers. The consignors responded to these strikes by employing Chinese laborers. Key examples of such strikes include the Wonsan laborers’ strike in June 1927 and the Wonsan general strike in January 1929.
The accident of 1931 riots broke out in Incheon on July 3rd. Meanwhile there were more damages of human lives in Wonsan where a riot had broken out since the evening of the 4th than in Incheon, and the overseas Chinese under the Wonsan Vice Consulate were exposed to the riots, with the exception of a few who managed to reach designated shelters. In the Wonsan Vice Consulate, the majority of victims chose to return to China instead of remaining in Joseon, making it difficult to track down their addresses. Thus, fewer victims ended up receiving the relief funds. This was also related to the capacities of the vice consulate.
Next, the study examines the changes to the status of overseas Chinese in Wonsan following the riots. The textile wholesale importers in the main stream of the Wonsan overseas Chinese society, were badly hit by the riots. Following the riots, 3 of the 4 major textile import wholesalers in Wonsan closed down, leaving just Detaiyuan(德泰源). Yongshunhao(永順號), a grain importer that grew rapidly in the mid-1920s, also had to close down. However, Tianhede(天和德), an exporter of Joseon sea cucumber and furs, remained in business even after the riots. This paper focuses on how Detaiyuan and Tianhede were able to continue its operations even after the riots. Although the Qing Concession in Wonsan was abolished after the annexation of Korea by Japan, the leases in perpetuity held by overseas Chinese in Wonsan were still protected. Detaiyuan held the largest land lease in China Town(支那町) in 1920, while Tianhede held the second largest land lease, with properties outside of China Town. In terms of business operations, both Detaiyuan and Tianhede showed outstanding performance. Although the riots did cause a contraction in their business activities, Detaiyuan and Tianhede were able to respond to changes in commercial networks based on existing land assets, maintaining their status within the overseas Chinese society.

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