조선시대 문과 중시 급제자 연구 (The Passers of Promotion Exam for Officials in Joseon Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사실학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 실학 / 39권 / 90 ~ 134페이지
· 저자명 : 원창애

초록

Promotion Exam for Officials(PEO, in short, henceforth) were
originally set up not for newly appointed persons, but for low
officials of under Downward Low-Third Ranks(or Tang-ha
-kwan). It was the 3rd king, Tae-jong, who looked for talented
bureaucrats after he acceded to the throne in order to
strengthen his administrative power. This was the background
in which the PEO system was introduced for the first time.
According to the formal regulation, PEO was regularly given
once every ten years. The whole count, however, tells us that
there were 57 times over all 479 years from the first conduct in
1407 A.D.(the 7th year of Tae-jong reign) to the last one in
1886 A.D.(the 23rd year of Ko-jong reign). The average term
interval, then, was 8.4 years which fact implies that there were
some additions which did not respect the rule; such a reign as
king Se-jong, king Seong-jong, king Joong-jong, and king
Young-jo.
The most frequent conduct or the peak of the PEO was
observed in 15th century and then it gradually declined. At last,
there were less than half percent of the average number of
passers for PEO, particularly, recorded around 19th century.
This is a sharp contrast with other conducts, along with cannonical Civil Exams(or Moon-kwa), which had a various
kind of Extraordinary Exams(or Pyeol-si). The more number of
passers rapidly increased as Civil Exams went to the more later
period in Joseon dynasty.
The additional conduct of PEO shows at least two
characteristics. In the first place, it was a king himself who was
eager to tie closely with his supportive officials. This was a
core reason of Selection-Exam-of-Gifted(or Pal-young-si) and
Picking-up-Exam-of-Talented(or Teung-jun-si) which were
originated in 1446 A.D., after the 7th king, Se-jo, conquered the
opponents completely to be enthroned. The habitual conducts
for PEO made it possible to be called Palace-Garden-Exam for
Civil-Officials(or Moon-sin-jeong-si) comprehensively in "the
Revised Version of Constitutive Law"(or Sok-tae-jon). This
revision also allowed Upward-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang
-sang-kwan) to take the exams too. For instance, the 21st king,
Yoeng-jo, declared Picking-up-Exam-of-Talented in 1466 A.D.
which Low-First-Ranks officials were, for the first time,
permitted to take. Secondly, it was a good tool for a king to
find loyal officials to get involved in a political renovation or
revolution from time to time, in particular, such a reign as the
9th king, Seong-jong, and the 11th king Joong-jong. The
former issued PEO twice even in a single period between 1477
and 1487 A.D., and the latter aimed a political reformation
through Picking-up Exam.
The analysis of former job careers for the whole passers in
Joseon dynasty reveals that there were 7.3% of Upward
-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang-sang-kwan), 65.7% of Low-Sixth
-to-High-Third-Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan), 17.3% of Down-ward-High-Seventh-Ranks(or Cham-ha-kwan), 7.1% of
former officials(or Jeon-ham-kwan), and 2.6% of passers of
Civil-Examinations and/or Temporary-Service-Members(or
Keup-je and/or Kwon-ji). Among them, Low-Sixth
-to-High-Third-Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan) occupied the
major portion.
The detailed analysis on Low-Sixth-to-High-Third Ranks(or
Cham-sang-kwan) includes a various members such as
administrative practitioners in charge from E-joeng-pu, Six
Ministries, and Each Subdivision Attached; Critical Inspectors
from Hong-moon-kwan, Sa-kan-won, and Sa-heon-pu;
teaching members from Seong-kyun-kwan, Se-ja-si
-kang-won, and Jong-hak; former officials, military officials,
and others. The 64.2% of Cham-sang-kwan were filled with
officials of Fifth Rank and Sixth Rank. The half of this number,
moreover, were from Six Ministries(or Yuk-jo) and Hong
-moon-kwan.
The highest position, Upward-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang
-sang-kwan), was given to the PEO passers. Each category of
the former positions shows a different ratio out of the same
category to achieve the ultimate promotion; 71.4% of passers
from Low-Sixth-to-High-Third Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan)
attained the goal; 43.9% of Downward-High-Seventh-Ranks(or
Cham-ha-kwan), 86.2% of former officials, and 41.7% of
Civil-Exams and/or Temporary-Service-Members(or Keup-je
and/or Kwon-ji) each. It is said roughly that 66% of all the
PEO passers were advanced to the position. This resulted in the
large portion of high officials, that is, about 66.5% of
Upward-2ndRanks,
who took part in decision making procedures in their offices. The most salient portion against the
general organization numbers was filled with PEO passers
especially in Six Ministries so that they were the majority;
Ei-jeong-pu, Sa-heon-pu, Sa-kan-won, Hong-moon-kwan, and
Seong-kyun-kwan also reflected the same trend. This means
that the passers of PEO were the core bureaucrats in Joseon
dynasty.

영어초록

Promotion Exam for Officials(PEO, in short, henceforth) were
originally set up not for newly appointed persons, but for low
officials of under Downward Low-Third Ranks(or Tang-ha
-kwan). It was the 3rd king, Tae-jong, who looked for talented
bureaucrats after he acceded to the throne in order to
strengthen his administrative power. This was the background
in which the PEO system was introduced for the first time.
According to the formal regulation, PEO was regularly given
once every ten years. The whole count, however, tells us that
there were 57 times over all 479 years from the first conduct in
1407 A.D.(the 7th year of Tae-jong reign) to the last one in
1886 A.D.(the 23rd year of Ko-jong reign). The average term
interval, then, was 8.4 years which fact implies that there were
some additions which did not respect the rule; such a reign as
king Se-jong, king Seong-jong, king Joong-jong, and king
Young-jo.
The most frequent conduct or the peak of the PEO was
observed in 15th century and then it gradually declined. At last,
there were less than half percent of the average number of
passers for PEO, particularly, recorded around 19th century.
This is a sharp contrast with other conducts, along with cannonical Civil Exams(or Moon-kwa), which had a various
kind of Extraordinary Exams(or Pyeol-si). The more number of
passers rapidly increased as Civil Exams went to the more later
period in Joseon dynasty.
The additional conduct of PEO shows at least two
characteristics. In the first place, it was a king himself who was
eager to tie closely with his supportive officials. This was a
core reason of Selection-Exam-of-Gifted(or Pal-young-si) and
Picking-up-Exam-of-Talented(or Teung-jun-si) which were
originated in 1446 A.D., after the 7th king, Se-jo, conquered the
opponents completely to be enthroned. The habitual conducts
for PEO made it possible to be called Palace-Garden-Exam for
Civil-Officials(or Moon-sin-jeong-si) comprehensively in "the
Revised Version of Constitutive Law"(or Sok-tae-jon). This
revision also allowed Upward-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang
-sang-kwan) to take the exams too. For instance, the 21st king,
Yoeng-jo, declared Picking-up-Exam-of-Talented in 1466 A.D.
which Low-First-Ranks officials were, for the first time,
permitted to take. Secondly, it was a good tool for a king to
find loyal officials to get involved in a political renovation or
revolution from time to time, in particular, such a reign as the
9th king, Seong-jong, and the 11th king Joong-jong. The
former issued PEO twice even in a single period between 1477
and 1487 A.D., and the latter aimed a political reformation
through Picking-up Exam.
The analysis of former job careers for the whole passers in
Joseon dynasty reveals that there were 7.3% of Upward
-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang-sang-kwan), 65.7% of Low-Sixth
-to-High-Third-Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan), 17.3% of Down-ward-High-Seventh-Ranks(or Cham-ha-kwan), 7.1% of
former officials(or Jeon-ham-kwan), and 2.6% of passers of
Civil-Examinations and/or Temporary-Service-Members(or
Keup-je and/or Kwon-ji). Among them, Low-Sixth
-to-High-Third-Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan) occupied the
major portion.
The detailed analysis on Low-Sixth-to-High-Third Ranks(or
Cham-sang-kwan) includes a various members such as
administrative practitioners in charge from E-joeng-pu, Six
Ministries, and Each Subdivision Attached; Critical Inspectors
from Hong-moon-kwan, Sa-kan-won, and Sa-heon-pu;
teaching members from Seong-kyun-kwan, Se-ja-si
-kang-won, and Jong-hak; former officials, military officials,
and others. The 64.2% of Cham-sang-kwan were filled with
officials of Fifth Rank and Sixth Rank. The half of this number,
moreover, were from Six Ministries(or Yuk-jo) and Hong
-moon-kwan.
The highest position, Upward-High-Third-Ranks(or Tang
-sang-kwan), was given to the PEO passers. Each category of
the former positions shows a different ratio out of the same
category to achieve the ultimate promotion; 71.4% of passers
from Low-Sixth-to-High-Third Ranks(or Cham-sang-kwan)
attained the goal; 43.9% of Downward-High-Seventh-Ranks(or
Cham-ha-kwan), 86.2% of former officials, and 41.7% of
Civil-Exams and/or Temporary-Service-Members(or Keup-je
and/or Kwon-ji) each. It is said roughly that 66% of all the
PEO passers were advanced to the position. This resulted in the
large portion of high officials, that is, about 66.5% of
Upward-2ndRanks,
who took part in decision making procedures in their offices. The most salient portion against the
general organization numbers was filled with PEO passers
especially in Six Ministries so that they were the majority;
Ei-jeong-pu, Sa-heon-pu, Sa-kan-won, Hong-moon-kwan, and
Seong-kyun-kwan also reflected the same trend. This means
that the passers of PEO were the core bureaucrats in Joseon
dynasty.

참고자료

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