위험가능성 인식 유형에 따른 예방행동에 대한 예측효과 검증 : 절대·비교 및 조건·무조건적 위험 인식의 예측효과 비교 (Types of Perceived Risk Likelihood and Prediction of Preventive Behaviors : Absolute vs. Comparative, and Conditional vs. Unconditional Risk Perceptions)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국언론학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국언론학보 / 66권 / 2호 / 155 ~ 187페이지
· 저자명 : 정성은, 김율리, 심민선

초록

위험가능성 인식과 예방행동에 관한 기존 연구는 절대 위험 인식과 비교 위험 인식, 그리고 조건적 위험 인식과 무조건적 위험 인식을 혼재하여 사용하고 있다. 본 연구는 위험가능성 인식의 각 유형과 예방행동 사이의 관계를 논리적으로 규명하고 위험가능성 인식의 효과 검증 방식을 비판적으로 검토하였다. 어떤 유형의 위험가능성 인식이 감염병 예방행동을 예측하기에 가장 적합한지 규명하기 위해 코로나19에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다(N = 445). 본 연구는 첫째, 여러 위험가능성 인식 유형 중 조건적 절대 위험 인식이 코로나19 예방행동 실천정도를 가장 잘 예측함을 발견하였다. 조건적 절대 위험 인식은 무조건적 절대 위험 인식, 직접 비교 위험 인식, 간접 비교 위험 인식에 비해 예방행동 실천과 가장 높은 상관관계를 보였고 예방행동에 대한 예측력이 가장 높았다. 둘째, 조건적 절대 위험 인식이 예방행동 실천 정도를 감소시킴으로써 미래의 위험 인식 즉 무조건적 절대 위험 인식을 감소시킴을 발견하였다. 이러한 발견점들은 위험가능성 인식을 정확하게 측정하고 예방행동에 대한 예측력을 높이기 위해서는 조건적 절대 위험 인식을 사용해야 함을 시사한다.

영어초록

Perceived risk likelihood has been considered to be one of the key factors that predict engagement in health protective behaviors. However, existing studies on perceived risk likelihood and preventive behaviors have used a mixture of concepts, including perceptions of absolute (i.e., one’s overall chances of experiencing the risk) versus comparative (i.e., one’s relative chances of experiencing the risk compared with other people) risk likelihood, and perceptions of conditional (i.e., likelihood estimated under a condition that specifies future inaction on health behaviors) versus unconditional (i.e., likelihood that does not specify future behavior engagement) risk likelihood. Therefore, this study aimed to untangle the mixed conceptualization and past findings by examining the relationships between each type of perceived risk likelihood and preventive behaviors. We first reviewed the rationale for the causal relationships between each type of perceived risk likelihood and preventive behaviors, and critically analyzed the method for verifying the effects of perceived risk likelihood. Based on the review and critical reasoning, we hypothesized that conditional absolute risk perception better predicts preventive behaviors in the face of health risks with obvious negative consequences like infectious diseases, in comparison to other types of risk perceptions, including unconditional absolute risk perception and comparative risk perception. We further hypothesized that conditional absolute risk perception is positively associated with preventive behaviors and unconditional absolute risk perception, while engagement in preventive behaviors has negative effects on unconditional absolute risk perception when the effect of conditional absolute risk perception is controlled for. A survey was conducted online in the context of COVID-19 with 445 adults aged 20 to 69 in Korea. The results supported both hypotheses. First, we found that among the various types of perceived risk likelihood assessed in the survey, conditional absolute risk perception best predicted COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Conditional absolute risk perception showed the highest correlation with preventive behaviors compared to unconditional absolute risk perception, direct comparative risk perception, and indirect comparative risk perception, and had the highest predictive power for preventive behaviors. Second, we found that conditional risk perception reduced unconditional risk perception indirectly by increasing preventive behaviors. These findings suggest that conditional absolute risk perception should be used to accurately measure risk perception and increase predictive power for preventive behaviors. This study has important theoretical implications for resolving inconsistencies in findings on the predictive power of different types of perceived risk likelihood on preventive behaviors. This study also has practical implications for health message design in strategic communication during infectious disease outbreaks.

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