明･淸代 福建의 福德正神 ― 土地神의 萬能神化와 관련하여 ― (From Land god to Almighty god — The Rise of Fudezhengshen(福德正神) in Ming-Qing dynasty Fujian —)

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· 저자명 : 원정식

초록

This article revealed its historical change and significance by noting the importance of the name Fudezhengshen(福德正神) in the history of the Land god in China. Land god was established as one of the most famous gods in Ming-Qing dynasty and was given the title of Fudezhengshen. Amid the political, social and economic changes of Ming-Qing Dynasties, the god was needed to comprehensively accommodate people's diverse wishes. The name 'Fude' was added to the god of land and gold bar(金元寶). This made the land god all-around. This is an example of the traditional attitude of the Chinese people, who have solved the problem through compromise when various social needs erupt and collide.
Zhu Yuan-zhang, who is from a poor farming family, had a story related to the god of land from birth. Zhu wanted to use the popular belief in the god of land for governance. The representative policy is the revival of the Lishe(里社) system. The revival of the Lishe system, which was carried out with the ban of Yinci(淫祠), spread the worship of the land god nationwide. The spread of the worship of the land god was the basis for the revival of the Lishe system in order to rebuild the country society by local officials. At the same time, the spread of the worship of the land god was the background to frustrate the revival of the Lishe system and force the people to consume the land god on their own.
Since the mid-Ming period, social liquidity and dynamism have been enhanced as population increases, silver-centered economy, world system, and maritime trade is active. And popular novels with paintings, prints, and comedies developed, Yangmingxue(陽明學) which has been enhanced by popular appeal has appeared, and the revitalization of the civilian religion has progressed. Many farmers have become engaged in various industries, including government office work, commerce, manual industry and service industry. As their wishes became unacceptably varied in specific expressions, such as a good harvest, safety and disaster relief, the abstract term 'Fude' was adopted and attached to the land god.
Land god is now gradually transformed into almighty god, instead of an image of the god of the earth. His figure also changed from helpless gray-haired old man to a stout, able-bodied old man with a full smile, with a dragon head wand and a golden bar (or a wishful board), and his statue grew bigger. Thus, Fujian clan in Qing period also held a memorial service for Fudezhengshen and prayed for what only the Almighty can achieve, such as peace and harmony, infinite blessings and riches, etc. Today, the people of the nation are praying to Fudezhengshen in the name of Fude, not only for the right rain and wind, but also for the passing of exams, business success, health recovery, longevity, safety, prosperity of offspring and families, prosperity of the company, and national prosperity, etc.

영어초록

This article revealed its historical change and significance by noting the importance of the name Fudezhengshen(福德正神) in the history of the Land god in China. Land god was established as one of the most famous gods in Ming-Qing dynasty and was given the title of Fudezhengshen. Amid the political, social and economic changes of Ming-Qing Dynasties, the god was needed to comprehensively accommodate people's diverse wishes. The name 'Fude' was added to the god of land and gold bar(金元寶). This made the land god all-around. This is an example of the traditional attitude of the Chinese people, who have solved the problem through compromise when various social needs erupt and collide.
Zhu Yuan-zhang, who is from a poor farming family, had a story related to the god of land from birth. Zhu wanted to use the popular belief in the god of land for governance. The representative policy is the revival of the Lishe(里社) system. The revival of the Lishe system, which was carried out with the ban of Yinci(淫祠), spread the worship of the land god nationwide. The spread of the worship of the land god was the basis for the revival of the Lishe system in order to rebuild the country society by local officials. At the same time, the spread of the worship of the land god was the background to frustrate the revival of the Lishe system and force the people to consume the land god on their own.
Since the mid-Ming period, social liquidity and dynamism have been enhanced as population increases, silver-centered economy, world system, and maritime trade is active. And popular novels with paintings, prints, and comedies developed, Yangmingxue(陽明學) which has been enhanced by popular appeal has appeared, and the revitalization of the civilian religion has progressed. Many farmers have become engaged in various industries, including government office work, commerce, manual industry and service industry. As their wishes became unacceptably varied in specific expressions, such as a good harvest, safety and disaster relief, the abstract term 'Fude' was adopted and attached to the land god.
Land god is now gradually transformed into almighty god, instead of an image of the god of the earth. His figure also changed from helpless gray-haired old man to a stout, able-bodied old man with a full smile, with a dragon head wand and a golden bar (or a wishful board), and his statue grew bigger. Thus, Fujian clan in Qing period also held a memorial service for Fudezhengshen and prayed for what only the Almighty can achieve, such as peace and harmony, infinite blessings and riches, etc. Today, the people of the nation are praying to Fudezhengshen in the name of Fude, not only for the right rain and wind, but also for the passing of exams, business success, health recovery, longevity, safety, prosperity of offspring and families, prosperity of the company, and national prosperity, etc.

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