원말명초 재상제 논의와 이학경제의 정주학 확정 (The talk about premier system from the late Yuan to early Ming dynasties and Early Ming’s Neo-Confucianism and statecraft established by Cheng Zhu’s learning)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 명청사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 명청사연구 / 48호 / 287 ~ 368페이지
· 저자명 : 이경룡

초록

The emperor Ming taizu(明太祖) exclusively abolished the premier system and was accused of the absolute monarch by later historians. But today we will review this accusation from a different perspective. Kublai Khan(元世祖) already show the sign of premier system’s abolition and the emperor Ming taizu took the charge of his assignment to a certain extent. They were worried about the incompetence of emperors and the dictatorialness of some liegemen.(主荒臣專) They acutely hoped to reform the obsolete system. The goal of premier system’s abolition was the more efficient administration of state ruling by the enlightened sovereign and the competent officers.
Kublai Khan once concerned to know the downfall cause of Jin dynasty(金朝). The Jin dynasty’s survivors of a great upheaval(金朝遺民) based on Wan-song zen priest(萬松行秀禪師), disparaged Cheng Zhu learning. They asserted for individual moral of the Buddhist cultivation and the statecraft of Confucianism. Kublai Khan adhered to Tibetan Buddhism and so much support Phags-pa(發思巴)’s statecraft. The prince imperial Zhen-jin(眞金) also believed in Phags-pa’s Tibetan Buddhism. Phags-pa convinced him that Yuan dynasty emperor in statecraft and national culture must imitate the wisdom and mercy of Buddha instead of Chinese Confucianism. Kublai Khan after all accepted the suggestions about the administrative reform proposed by Cheng Zhu scholars(程朱學者) learned from the Southern Song dynasty scholar Zhao Fu(趙復). They advocated the integrity moral of Neo-Confucianism(理學) and the statecraft ability(經濟) to the administrative officers. The combination of two ideas take the lead in chinese people that had the absolute majority in Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan payed attention to the prince imperial education in two ways of moral and statecraft trained by Cheng Zhu scholars. After some years he appointed the prince imperial to the chief executive. Exactly it show the sign of premier system’s abolition.
For the more efficient administration of state, consequently the emperor Ming taizu abolished the premier system and directly oversaw state affairs. He imposed statecraft ability on the all of administrative officers. His son Yong-le emperor(明成祖) followed the teachings left by his father and maintained the system of emperor’s direct rule. Ming taizu’s looking at the strength of emperor ruling power, this system was in the middle of the two prime minister systems handled by the first emperor of Qin(秦始皇) and Song Yuan dynasty emperors(宋元皇帝).
In the late Yuan and early Ming, there were two serious problems. The problem of state was the financial loss. The solution of financing(理財) was the appropriate tax collection and the saving of financial affairs. The social-economic problem was the big gap between the rich landowner and the poor tenant farmer. There was the fundamental problem with land ownership. The two ways of solution were the land reform and the economic growth. Therefore some scholars in the imperial examinations of late Yuan asserted the land reform just as the nine squares system of land ownership(井田制) or the average-land system(均田制).
There were three opinions about economic reform early in Song dynasty. Zhang-zai(張載) demanded the immediate land reform as well as the nine squares system of land ownership. Cheng-hao(程顥) agreed with him. Two scholars represented the radical idea of Neo-Confucianism. But to avoid the opposition of the rich landowner, Cheng-yi(程頤) put the land reform off and at end Zhu-xi(朱熹) agreed with him. They had the conservative idea. O​n the other hand, historian Sima-guang(司馬光) recognized that the sound economic growth will depend on the state’s maintenance of fair price in market of farmer, artisan and merchant. According to fair price, they will make a reciprocal gain in market and the market get the effect of technique improvement and quality improvement. He asserted the more efficient administration of state for maintenance of fair price in market.
Jian-wen emperor(建文帝) and Jin-hua school(金華學派) had the radical idea of Neo-Confucianism. They will carry out the realization of economic equality by land redistribution as well as the nine squares system of land ownership(井田制). Yong-le emperor(明成祖) opposed them stubbornly and seized state power in a military coup in 1402. The cause of the military coup can say a conflict of the two sides based on the different chinese traditional social science. Two emperors(二祖) in early Ming could not carry out the land reform but felt a deep interest in Sima-guang’s the economic growth by the maintenance of fair price in market. The mind instructions of chinese sages(聖學心法) quoting the writings of Sima-guang, Yong-le emperor agreed his assertion. Yong-le emperor removed Jin-hua school and employed the intellectuals from Jiang-xi province(江西省) into the government officials. He changed Jin-hua school for Jiang-xi intellectuals. They rose up in officialdom from this time. Compiling The complete collection of Neo-Confucians(性理大全), Jiang-xi intellectuals went along with the conservative idea of Cheng Zhu learning. Although Yong-le emperor supported Sima-guang’s the economic growth, he also showed toleration to them. As a result, the official decision of Cheng Zhu learning was the more tentative decision between Yong-le emperor and Jiang-xi intellectuals.

영어초록

The emperor Ming taizu(明太祖) exclusively abolished the premier system and was accused of the absolute monarch by later historians. But today we will review this accusation from a different perspective. Kublai Khan(元世祖) already show the sign of premier system’s abolition and the emperor Ming taizu took the charge of his assignment to a certain extent. They were worried about the incompetence of emperors and the dictatorialness of some liegemen.(主荒臣專) They acutely hoped to reform the obsolete system. The goal of premier system’s abolition was the more efficient administration of state ruling by the enlightened sovereign and the competent officers.
Kublai Khan once concerned to know the downfall cause of Jin dynasty(金朝). The Jin dynasty’s survivors of a great upheaval(金朝遺民) based on Wan-song zen priest(萬松行秀禪師), disparaged Cheng Zhu learning. They asserted for individual moral of the Buddhist cultivation and the statecraft of Confucianism. Kublai Khan adhered to Tibetan Buddhism and so much support Phags-pa(發思巴)’s statecraft. The prince imperial Zhen-jin(眞金) also believed in Phags-pa’s Tibetan Buddhism. Phags-pa convinced him that Yuan dynasty emperor in statecraft and national culture must imitate the wisdom and mercy of Buddha instead of Chinese Confucianism. Kublai Khan after all accepted the suggestions about the administrative reform proposed by Cheng Zhu scholars(程朱學者) learned from the Southern Song dynasty scholar Zhao Fu(趙復). They advocated the integrity moral of Neo-Confucianism(理學) and the statecraft ability(經濟) to the administrative officers. The combination of two ideas take the lead in chinese people that had the absolute majority in Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan payed attention to the prince imperial education in two ways of moral and statecraft trained by Cheng Zhu scholars. After some years he appointed the prince imperial to the chief executive. Exactly it show the sign of premier system’s abolition.
For the more efficient administration of state, consequently the emperor Ming taizu abolished the premier system and directly oversaw state affairs. He imposed statecraft ability on the all of administrative officers. His son Yong-le emperor(明成祖) followed the teachings left by his father and maintained the system of emperor’s direct rule. Ming taizu’s looking at the strength of emperor ruling power, this system was in the middle of the two prime minister systems handled by the first emperor of Qin(秦始皇) and Song Yuan dynasty emperors(宋元皇帝).
In the late Yuan and early Ming, there were two serious problems. The problem of state was the financial loss. The solution of financing(理財) was the appropriate tax collection and the saving of financial affairs. The social-economic problem was the big gap between the rich landowner and the poor tenant farmer. There was the fundamental problem with land ownership. The two ways of solution were the land reform and the economic growth. Therefore some scholars in the imperial examinations of late Yuan asserted the land reform just as the nine squares system of land ownership(井田制) or the average-land system(均田制).
There were three opinions about economic reform early in Song dynasty. Zhang-zai(張載) demanded the immediate land reform as well as the nine squares system of land ownership. Cheng-hao(程顥) agreed with him. Two scholars represented the radical idea of Neo-Confucianism. But to avoid the opposition of the rich landowner, Cheng-yi(程頤) put the land reform off and at end Zhu-xi(朱熹) agreed with him. They had the conservative idea. O​n the other hand, historian Sima-guang(司馬光) recognized that the sound economic growth will depend on the state’s maintenance of fair price in market of farmer, artisan and merchant. According to fair price, they will make a reciprocal gain in market and the market get the effect of technique improvement and quality improvement. He asserted the more efficient administration of state for maintenance of fair price in market.
Jian-wen emperor(建文帝) and Jin-hua school(金華學派) had the radical idea of Neo-Confucianism. They will carry out the realization of economic equality by land redistribution as well as the nine squares system of land ownership(井田制). Yong-le emperor(明成祖) opposed them stubbornly and seized state power in a military coup in 1402. The cause of the military coup can say a conflict of the two sides based on the different chinese traditional social science. Two emperors(二祖) in early Ming could not carry out the land reform but felt a deep interest in Sima-guang’s the economic growth by the maintenance of fair price in market. The mind instructions of chinese sages(聖學心法) quoting the writings of Sima-guang, Yong-le emperor agreed his assertion. Yong-le emperor removed Jin-hua school and employed the intellectuals from Jiang-xi province(江西省) into the government officials. He changed Jin-hua school for Jiang-xi intellectuals. They rose up in officialdom from this time. Compiling The complete collection of Neo-Confucians(性理大全), Jiang-xi intellectuals went along with the conservative idea of Cheng Zhu learning. Although Yong-le emperor supported Sima-guang’s the economic growth, he also showed toleration to them. As a result, the official decision of Cheng Zhu learning was the more tentative decision between Yong-le emperor and Jiang-xi intellectuals.

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