안향 －유교의 확산과 문치사회론－ (Spread of Confucianism, and the Notion of Civil Governance of the Society －Study of An Hyang－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 인하대학교 한국학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 한국학연구 / 48호 / 483 ~ 520페이지
· 저자명 : 도현철

초록

이 논문은 안향의 학교 진흥과 인재 등용에 대한 것을, 최근의 연구 성과 예컨대 고려 원 관계사 연구와 그 주변에 대한 연구를 참고하여 보다 종합적이고 체계적으로 살펴보려는 글이다.
안향이 활동한 13~14세기는 국제사회변동기로서, 고려는 세계제국의 원의 간섭과 지배를 받던 시기이었고, 성리학을 비롯한 세계 문화를 수용하는 시기였다. 안향은 고려 국가의 보위를 전제하면서 원의 세계 문화를 수용하여 국학의 진흥과 유교의 확산에 주력하였다. 안향은 원나라의 禿魯花 혹은 征東行省의 관원(儒學提擧司, 左右司 員外郞과 郎中)이 되어 성리학을 익혀, 학교를 복구하고 섬학전이라는 장학재단을 만들었으며, 중국에서 六經, 子史 등의 서책을 구입하였다. 안향은 성리학을 백이정과 권부, 우탁에 에게 전하였는데, 이들은 다시 성리학을 이제현․이곡․이색에게 전수하였다.
안향의 국학 진흥과 인재양성은 충숙왕 6년에 문묘에 배향하는 이유가 되었다. 이제현은 안향을 높이 평가하여 한 시대의 유종(儒宗)이라고 하였다. 안향 살던 시기는 무신집권기와 대몽항쟁기를 거치면서 국토는 황폐화되고 교육에 힘을 쏟을 여력이 없었는데, 그러한 척박한 조건에서 원에서 성리학을 수용하여 유학 발전에 공을 세운 것을 인정한 것이다.
말하자면, 안향은 몽골과의 항쟁과 원 간섭기라는 시대적 조건 속에서 유학의 성인의 도를 체득하고 국학을 진흥하며 유교를 확산하는 터전을 만들어 갔다. 그리하여 그의 공적은 유교가 지배하는 사회를 건설하고 문치 사회를 확립하는 데 기여한 것을 평가한 것이라 할 수 있다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is An Hyang’s promotion of dynastic education, as well as his efforts to enlist talented people in government service. Those aspects of his life are examined here based upon recent studies conducted on the unique relationship cultivated between Goryeo and the Mongol Yuan Empire. In other words, a more comprehensive and systemic review of the matter is attempted in this article.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, international order was in flux. Goryeo was under oppression and intervention of the Mongol Yuan empire, but at the same time it was also embracing Neo-Confucianism, and other cultural influences from the outer world. An Hyang, while remaining determined to keep the country safe and its traditions preserved, tried to actively import Yuan-introduced worldly culture as well, and also not only promote the Gukhak university of the dynasty but spread Confucianism in Goryeo too. He served not only as a Dokrohwa(禿魯花) figure in Yuan, but also as a Jeongdong Haengseong(征東行省) official in Goryeo, and in the course of such career acquainted himself with Neo-Confucianism, repaired schools and established an Academic fund named Seomhak-jeon, and imported relevant texts such as the Six Classics(六經) and Theories & Histories(子史) from China. He also taught his understanding of Neo-Confucianism to Baek I-jeong, Gweon Bu and Wu Tak, who relayed such teaching to figures like Yi Je-hyeon, Yi Gok and Yi Saek later on.
An Hyang’s promotion of Gukhak and his efforts to raise future talents were duly acknowledged when it was decided by the government to enshrine his tablet inside the Confucian shrine in the 6th year of King Chungsuk-wang’s reign. Yi Je-hyeon also highly praised him and even called him the Confucian master of an entire era(儒宗). During the Military Regime period and the 30 years-long fight against the Mongols, the country was devastated and education was lost, but An Hyang’s determination to reverse all that by importing Neo-Confucianism from Yuan and dedicate his life to the development of Goryeo Confucianism was finally recognized.
In essence, in a turbulent time period during which the Goryeo period experienced the traumatic Mongol invasion and the Empire’s political interference in Goryeo affairs, An Hyang continued his efforts to understand the Ways of Confucian Sages, promote the operations of the Dynastic Gukhak University, and laid down the foundation for Confucianism’s further spread throughout the society. His real contribution was to the foundation of a certain community, where Confucianism would rise as the leading voice, and the notion of ‘civilized governance of a community’ was to prevail for a long time.

참고자료

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