조선은 왜 일본과의 통교관계를 중국에 감추려 했을까? －조선 前期를 중심으로－ (Why did the Joseon Dynasty Attempt to Hide Its Amicable Relations with Japan from China: Focusing on the Early Joseon Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한일관계사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한일관계사연구 / 62호 / 99 ~ 134페이지
· 저자명 : 민덕기

초록

조선 前期 조선은 일본과의 통교관계를 중국에 감추고자 하여왔다. 본 논문은 이에 대한 검토이다.
태종대의 대일 통교관계는 왜구가 중국에서 노략질한 장물을 받아주고 대신 생필품을 내주는 교린정책이었으므로 그러한 정책을 중국에 감추어야 했다. 더구나 왜구의 빈번한 침구를 이유로 영락제가 일본정벌을 제창하기도 했던 때였다.
세종대엔 被虜 중국인의 轉送이 특히 많았던 시기이다. 이 시기부터 조선이 대일통교를 중국에 은닉하려 한 이유가 구체화 된다. 중국인을 송환하면 중국이 자국연안을 노략질한 왜적을 잡아오게 하거나 그들에게 잡혀간 중국인을 轉送하게 勅令을 내릴 것을 우려한 것이다. 이에 조선은 왜인이 오면 거절하지 못할 뿐이며 조선은 도적을 금지하는 목적으로만 일본과 때로 교섭할 뿐이라고 중국에 강조하려 한다.
이러한 논리는 세조~성종대에도 일관된다. 일본 사절만이 가끔 올뿐, 조선은 수십 년에 한번쯤 사절을 파견한다고 답하려 하고 있다. 중국에 맞서려는 반역의 나라 일본과의 통교를 중국이 꺼리고 책망하기 때문에 감추는 것이라는 인식도 보인다.
중종대는 영파의 난을 일으킨 오우치씨(大內氏)가, 나포해 온 중국인 원진을 조선을 통해 轉送하려 수차례 교섭해 온 시기이다. 조선은 논의 결과 원진의 奏達조차 생략하는데 그 이유는, 조선이 원진을 일본 현지에 가서 찾아 중국으로 보내라는 勅令이 내려질 것을 우려한 때문이었다. 중국이 자국의 對日현안을 元世祖 쿠빌라이처럼 조선에 위임시킬지 모른다는 걱정도 제기된다.
명종대에 이르러서는 중국의 ‘후기왜구’ 진압에 대한 조선 대행이 중국에서 논의되고 있고, 이에 조선이 바짝 긴장한다. 영파의 난 이후 왜구를 수차례 중국으로 압송한 것에 대해 왜구세력이 크게 두려워하는 나라가 다름 아닌 조선이라 중국이 인식한 결과였다.
이처럼 조선 前期 조선이 대일통교를 중국에 감추려 한 가장 큰 이유는, 중국이 자국의 對日문제를 일본에 근접해 있는 조선으로 하여금 해결하려고 할 가능성을 차단하려 한 것이었다. 이에 대일관계를 소극적이고 피동적인 것으로 중국에 강조하려 하였다.

영어초록

In the early Joseon Dynasty, Joseon tried to hide its amicable relations with Japan from China. This study presents a review on this issue.
During King Taejong’s reign, the Joseon Dynasty conducted a good-neighbor policy with Japan. Joseon received goods that Japanese pirates plundered from Ming China, and gave necessities to them in return. Thus, Joseon had to hide such a policy from China. Moreover, this was a time when the Yongle Emperor proposed to conquer Japan because of the frequent attacks by Japanese pirates.
During King Sejong’s reign, abducted Chinese people were more frequently repatriated than previously. The repatriation of Chinese people caused controversy each time, with the concern that Joseon’s amicable relations with Japan would be revealed. From that period, the reason why Joseon tried to hide the amicable relations with Japan became concrete. It also appeared in a counter argument against the repatriation of the Chinese man Xu Cheng. It was asserted that, in a case where he was repatriated, China would issue an edict to arrest Japanese pirates who plundered its coasts or who sought to bring abducted Chinese people back to China. There was a concern that such a trouble would occur. In this regard, Joseon tried to emphasize to China that Joseon had a passive relationship with Japan. In other words, the logic was that the Joseon Dynasty could not refuse Japanese people’s visits to Joseon and that it occasionally negotiated with Japan only for the purpose of preventing plunder.
This logic also applied during from the reign of King Sejo through King Seongjong’s reign. Joseon tried to emphasize to China that, although Japanese envoys sometimes came to Joseon, Joseon sent its envoys to Japan every few decades. Joseon seems to have hidden its amicable relations with Japan from China with the perception that China avoided and reproached friendly relations with Japan, a country of rebellion against China.
During King Jeongjong’s reign, the Ouchi, who had caused the Ningbo Incident, negotiated several timesto repatriate an abducted Chinese, Yuan Jin, through Joseon. As a result of the controversy, Joseon did not inform China about Yuan Jin because Joseon worried that an edict would be issued for Joseon to go to Japan and find Yuan Jin and send him to China. Joseon also worried that China would leave its pending problems with Japan to Joseon, similar to Kubilai Khan Shezo of Yuan Dynasty.
During King Myeongjong’s reign, there was a debate in China over whether or not Joseon should suppress the Japanese pirates on behalf of China. This made Joseon quite nervous. The reason was that China recognized that Japanese powers were very much scared of Joseon due to the Japanese pirates having been forcibly sent to China several times after the Ningbo Incident. In this regard, Joseon tried to cope with the demands of China with a logic that it did not include an amicable relationship with Japan any longer after the Eulmyo Incident.
The most important reason why the Joseon dynasty tried to hide its amicable relations with Japan from China was to prevent the possibility that China would make Joseon, which is close to Japan, solve its problems with Japan. Therefore, Joseon tried to emphasize to China that it had negative and passive relations with Japan.

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