채권양도 및 채권질권의 대항요건 - 담보등기제도 등에 대한 외국의 입법례 비교 분석 - (Perfection o f Assignments of and Security Interests in Receivables - Comparative Analysis of Security Rights Registries, etc. -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사법학회
· 수록지 정보 : 비교사법 / 22권 / 2호 / 787 ~ 832페이지
· 저자명 : 전우정

초록

채권양도의 채무자에 대한 대항요건은, 채무자가 누구에게 변제를 하여야 하는지 알아야 하기 때문에, 논리 필연적으로 채무자에 대한 통지이다. 채권금융이 발달함에 따라 채권양도의 제3자에 대한 대항요건으로서 등기의 장점이 부각되고 있다. 채권을 양도하는 것과 담보로 제공하는 것은 경제적인 실질에 있어서 큰 차이가 없기 때문에, 채권양도와 채권질권, 채권담보권의 대항요건을 일률적으로 규율 할 필요가 있다.
현재 우리나라에서는, 동산⋅채권 등의 담보에 관한 법률이 시행되어, 금전의 지급을 목적으로 하는 지명채권은 등기를 함으로써 담보권을 공시할 수 있게 되었다(동법 제34조). 그런데 채권양도(민법 제45조)와 채권질권(민법 제349조)의 경우 여전히 채무자에의 통지를 대항요건으로 하고 있다. 자산유동화계획에 따른 채권양도의 경우, 자산유동화에 관한 법률과 주택저당채권유동화회사법에 의한 대항요건(금융위원회에 등록)이 병용(倂用)되고 있다. 결과적으로 하나의 채권에 대한 우선순위를 확인하기 위해서는 채무자, 금융위원회, 담보등기부의 3가지를 조사해 보아야 하는 실정이다.
입법론으로 동산⋅채권 등의 담보에 관한 법률의 적용범위를 금전채권의 양도까지 포함하는 것으로 확대하고, 자산유동화에 관한 법률 및 주택저당채권유동화회사법은 폐지하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. 이렇게 할 때, 채권양도 및 채권질권, 채권담보권의 대항요건은 채무자에의 통지와 등기로 이원화 되어, 현재의 삼원화된 상태보다 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

영어초록

Under the Korean Civil Code, the assignment of a receivable is not perfected against third parties, including the insolvency representative, unless the assignor gives notice of the assignment to the debtor of the receivable or the debtor consents to the assignment. Such notice or consent must be by means of a certified document with a fixed date stamp in order for the assignment of the receivable to be perfected against third parties. This regime intends to designate a debtor as an information centre, so that a potentially interested party may inquire of the debtor of the receivable regarding notice of an assignment. Priority among competing assignees is determined by the order in which the debtor receives notice of the assignment. There are exceptions to the Civil Code: the ABS Act and the MBS Company Act.
Under the ABS Act and the MBS Company Act, a SPV can perfect an assignment of receivables against third parties by filing the securitization plan and the assignment of receivables in accordance with the plan at the Financial Services Commission. Upon filing the assignment of receivables in accordance with the securitization plan at the Financial Services Commission, the perfection requirement under Article 450(2) of the Korean Civil Code will be deemed satisfied.
Under the Korean Civil Code, the method of creating a pledge of a receivable is to transfer the receivable. A pledge of a receivable becomes effective by the method of the assignment of a receivable. In order to perfect a pledge of a receivable against third parties, a pledgor is required to give notice of the pledge to, or receive consent from, the debtor of the receivable regarding the creation of the pledge. The notice must be by means of a certified document with a fixed date stamp.
Korea enacted the Korean Security Registration Act in order to provide a registration system for security rights in movable assets and receivables. This Act entered into force on 11 June 2012. The Korean Security Registration Act covers security rights in and security assignments of receivables, but does not cover outright assignments of receivables. The Korean Security Registration Act creates a new form of security interest guaranteed by registration in addition to the pledge under the Korean Civil Code. It does not replace the notification requirement for a pledge of receivables under the Korean Civil Code. Pledges coexist with security interests under the Korean Security Registration Act. Priority is determined by the order of notification of pledges under the Korean Civil Code or registration of security interests under the Korean Security Registration Act.
As a result, parties may choose to use either a pledge of receivables under the Korean Civil Code or a security interest in receivables under the Korean Security Registration Act. If parties choose to use a pledge of receivables under the Civil Code, notice of the pledge to the debtor by means of a certified document with a fixed date stamp is required for perfecting the pledge against third parties. If parties choose to use the security interest under the Korean Security Registration Act, they may perfect the security interest against third parties by simply registering it.
In total, with respect to receivables, there could be assignments or pledges under the Korean Civil Code, security interests under the Korean Security Registration Act, or securitizations under the ABS Act or the MBS Company Act. The person who completes any one of perfection methods first will have priority.
Priority between competing assignments of, pledges of or security interests in receivables is determined by the order of notice of assignments or pledges to (or consent of) the debtor of the receivable under the Korean Civil Code or registration of the security interest under the Korean Security Registration Act. In addition, for the assignment of receivables in accordance with a securitization plan, upon filing the assignment of receivables at the Financial Services Commission of Korea, the perfection requirement under the Korean Civil Code will be satisfied. Thus, priority is determined by the order of notice to the debtor, filing at the Financial Services Commission or registration under the Korean Security Registration Act. As a result, to make sure there is not any prior assignee or any prior secured creditor of the receivable, a potential assignee of a receivable should (1) ask the debtor of the receivables whether he received notice of a prior assignment or security interest; (2) check the securitization filing registry at the Financial Services Commission of Korea; and (3) check the security registry for receivables under the Korean Security Registration Act.
This Article proposes to enlarge the scope of application of the Korean Security Registration Act to include the assignment of receivables, and abolish the ABS Act and the MBS Company Act.

참고자료

· 없음